• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.17
• /
• pp.9-28
• /
• 2003

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the amendments thereto including the Hague Protocol, Montreal Protocols Nos. 1,2,3 and 4, the Guadalajara Convention and the IATA Intercarrier Agreements, which are the rules (as called "War saw System") have played as a major rule in the international air transportation for more than 70 years, will be replaced by the Montreal Convention of 1999 for its effectiveness on November 4, 2003. While a major portion of the Montreal Convention follows the language of the Warsaw System, the Montreal Convention makes significant changes to the scope and extent of the carrier's liability, expands the jurisdictions where the carrier can be sued, and recognizes the effect of code sharing on air carrier liability. The Montreal Convention heralds the single biggest change in the international aviation since the diplomatic efforts in the mid-1920's which resulted in the enactment of the Warsaw Convention. Until now, the legal liability of almost all the international air carriers has been governed by the Warsaw System. The Montreal Convention incorporates provisions of these instruments to create a single document and to set a uniform regime for carrier liability in international transportation. At the same time the issue of the low liability limits of the Warsaw has been resolved to a more satisfactory level in the Montreal Convention. The Convention has been hailed as consumer friendly and progressive in nature. If this Convention is ratified by Korea, the virtual elimination of the liability limits between the passengers and the airlines will become law by treaty. The airlines in Korea as well as Korean consumers of international air carriage will immensely benefit from the ratification. As opposed to the Warsaw Convention, the Montreal Convention has been described to be the one that is no longer a Convention for airlines, but it would serve the interests of both the consumers and the air carriers.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.232-243
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Recently, large-scale forest fires caused by climate change, natural disasters, and human factors have been increasing every year in the East Coast and Taebaek Mountains region. Although forest fire extinguishing using helicopters is currently increasing, the need to introduce air force transport aircraft has continued to be raised due to the importance of early fire extinguishment to respond to large forest fires and the difficulty of extinguishing forest fires between sheep. This study seeks to present a plan for developing a post-fire management system for several aspects - achieving operational objectives, overcoming the operating environment, selecting a staging area, and efficient operation measures - to efficiently perform forest fire extinguishing missions using Air Force transport aircraft. Method: Based on literature research on forest fire extinguishing, forest fire extinguishing experiments using fixed-wing aircraft, and the operation status and operation method of forest fire extinguishing helicopters, the pros and cons of helicopter operation and the effects of large forest fire extinguishing using a large transport aircraft (C-130) Analyze the effectiveness of operation through analysis. Results: When extinguishing a large forest fire, an effective CM (Consequence Management) application plan was derived, including effective operation, control, command system, dispatch request, and forest fire extinguishment when integrating helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft (C-130). Conclusion: The application of the concept of CM (Consequence Management) is partially applied to some areas of chemical, biological, and radiological (CBRNE) protection in Korea, but efficient operation, control, and command systems are established when integrated operation of helicopters and large aircraft (C-130) in forest fire extinguishment. the concept of CM (Consequence Management), which is operated in advanced countries, was applied for safety management, dispatch requests, and forest fire extinguishing, thereby contributing to the establishment of a more advanced disaster and post-disaster management system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.697-711
• /
• 2023

The global waste crisis has been escalating and its consequent impact on soil, water, air pollution, and eventually climate change acceleration has shed light on the importance of reducing waste. Amidst COVID-19 and the following surge in single-use plastics for food delivery, waste generation is on the incline. Companies and governments have embarked on developing various eco-friendly packaging technologies, but their effectiveness on the consumers is vague as definitions of eco-friendly packaging are vague, and research on its link to purchase intention remains scarce. Thus, the adoption of eco-friendly packaging has been slow. To address this issue, this study analyzes the awareness and purchase intention of four visual attributes of eco-friendly packaging-material, verbal statement, eco-label, and color-along with the environmental consciousness among undergraduate university students in Korea through online surveys and the ordered logit regression model. The study distinguished the attributes into evidence-based and conjectural categories. The findings revealed that eco-friendly visual attributes had a positive effect on purchase intention amongst undergraduate students in Korea; however the level of environmental consciousness had marginal effect on the purchase intention of eco-friendly visual attributes. The level of effectiveness also varied with each visual element. Analyses revealed that visual attributes to eco-friendly material had marginal effect on purchase intention; color was deemed not an "Eco-friendly attribute" by most students, and although eco-friendly labels were deemed as an eco-friendly attribute, trust in the labels varied according to environmental consciousness. These findings have implications for businesses and policymakers aiming to promote eco-friendly consumption within packaged food products.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.1102-1139
• /
• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.04a
• /
• pp.176-182
• /
• 2009

In the present study, a numerical simulation for the diffusion of hydrogen jet in a enclosure was performed to aid the leakage test of the hydrogen for the safety of the hydrogen vehicle. The temporal and spatial distributions of the hydrogen concentration in the test chamber are predicted from the present numerical analyses. Flammable region of 4-74% and explosive region of 18-59% hydrogen by volume was identified from the present results. Factors influencing the diffusion of the hydrogen jet were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of forced ventilation for relieving the accumulation of the leaked hydrogen gas in the chamber, which include location of open windows, size of leakage nozzle, and leakage rate among others. The distribution of the concentration of the leaked hydrogen for various cases can be used as a database in various applications for the hydrogen safety.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.199-207
• /
• 2005

Hydrogen is getting more attention owing to the seriousness of air pollution and dependance on oil import, UNCCC(United Nations Convention on Climate Change) for reducing the emission of $CO_2$. This fact is not confined in a certain country but global recognition and several countries initiated R&D competition for commercializing the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Within 20${\sim}$30 years cost effective hydrogen production can be possible using fossil fuels because so much research is carried out up to now. But it is so far to produce the most of the hydrogen using renewable resources considering the present status of R&D and cost effectiveness. Several automobile companies planed for mass production of hydrogen vehicle by 2010 but changed or canceled the plan owing to the difficulty of R&D and the low status of infrastructure penetration. This paper surveyed the hydrogen energy policy, R&D program and commercialization strategy of advanced country, international agency, automobile and energy company to analyze the global status of R&D and policy. And the survey of R&D program is focused on the part of hydrogen production, storage, delivery and fuel cell.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
• /
• 2009.06a
• /
• pp.1449-1457
• /
• 2009

Combustion instability is a major issue in design of co-generation gas turbine combustors for efficient operation with low emissions. Combustion instability is induced by the interaction of the unsteady heat release of the combustion process and the change in the acoustic pressure in the combustion chamber. In an effort to develop a technique to predict self-excited combustion instability of co-generation gas turbine combustors, a new stability analysis method based on the transfer matrix method is developed. The method views the combustion system as a one-dimensional acoustic system with a side branch and describes the heat source as the input to the system. This approach makes it possible to use not only the advantages of the transfer matrix method but also well established classic control theories. The approach is applied to a simple co-generation gas turbine combustion system, which shows the validity and effectiveness of the approach.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
• /
• 2008.06a
• /
• pp.813-818
• /
• 2008

In order to reduce energy consumption, this study presents a way to energy reduction through energy-feedback which enables a household to self-recognize the need for energy reduction and respond to. The effect of this energy-feedback has been reported as $10{\sim}15%$ in average, and been actively investigated in abroad from 1970's while study in korea has been in its first step. In this study, examination on the cases of abroad study is made as it shows the effectiveness and applicability of energy feedback. And paradigms to consider for application to korea will be suggested anticipating the change of actions through energy feedback.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 2009

In the present study, a numerical simulation for the diffusion of hydrogen jet in a enclosure was performed to aid the leakage test of the hydrogen for the safety of the hydrogen vehicle. The temporal and spatial distributions of the hydrogen concentration in the test chamber are predicted from the present numerical analyses. Flammable region of 4-74% and explosive region of 18-59% hydrogen by volume was identified from the present results. Factors influencing the diffusion of the hydrogen jet were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of forced ventilation for relieving the accumulation of the leaked hydrogen gas in the chamber, which include location of open windows, size of leakage nozzle, and leakage rate among others. The distribution of the concentration of the leaked hydrogen for various cases can be used as a database in various applications for the hydrogen safety.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.6 s.113
• /
• pp.98-108
• /
• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.