• Korean Security Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.95-124
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• 2004

It can be said that 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' in 2001 were not only the indiscriminate attacks on innocent people but also the whole - political, economical and military - attacks on human life. Also, 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' can be regarded as the significant events in the history of world, which were on the peak of the super-terrorism or new-terrorism that had emerged from the 1980s. However, if one would have analysed the developments of terrorism from the 1970s, they could have been foreknown without difficulty. The finding from this study can be summarized as the followings, First, in spite that the USA responsive system against terrorism had been assessed as perfect before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks', the fragilities were found in the aspects of the response on the new-terrorism or super-terrorism. The previous responsive system before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' had the following defects as the followings: (1) it was impossible to establish the integrated strategy, because the organizations related to the response against terrorism had not integrated; (2) there were some weakness to collect and diffuse the informations related to terrorism; (3) the security system for the domestic airline service in USA and the responsive system of air defense against terrors on aircraft were very fragile. For these reasons, USA government established the 'Department of Homeland Security' of which the President is the head so that the many organizations related to terrorism were integrated into a single management system. And, it legislated a new act to protect security from terrors, which legalized of the wiretapping in spite of the risk of encroachment upon personal rights, increased the jail terms upon terrorists, froze the bank related to terrorist organization, and could censor e-mails. Second, it seem that Korean responsive system against terrors more fragile than that of USA. One of the reasons is that people have some perception that Korea is a safe zone from terrors, because there were little attacks from international terrorists in Korea. This can be found from the fact that the legal arrangement against terrorism is only the President's instruction No. 47. Under this responsive system against terrorism dependent on only the President's instruction, it is expected that there would be a poor response against terrors due to the lack of unified and integrated responsive agency as like the case of USA before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks'. And, where there is no legal countermeasure, it is impossible to expect the binding force on the outside of administrative agencies and the performances to prevent and hinder the terrorist actions can not but be limited. That is to say, the current responsive system can not counteract effectively against the new-terrorism and super-terrorism. Third, although there were some changes in Korean government's policies against terrorism. there still are problems. One of the most important problems is that the new responsive system against terrorism in Korea, different from that of USA, is not a permanent agency but a meeting body that is organized by a commission. This commission is controled by the Prime Minister and the substantial tasks are under the National Intelligence Service. Under this configuration, there can be the lack of strong leadership and control. Additionally, because there is no statute to response against terrorism, it is impossible to prevent and counteract effectively against terrorism. The above summarized suggests that, because the contemporary super-terrorism or new-terrorism makes numerous casualties of unspecified persons and enormous nationwide damages, the thorough prevention against terrorism is the most important challenge, and that the full range of legal and institutional arrangements for the ex post counteraction should be established. In order to do so, it is necessary for the government to make legal and institutional arrangements such as the permanent agency for protection from terrorism in which the related departments cooperates with together and the development of efficient anti-terror programs, and to show its willingness and ability that it can counteract upon any type of domestic and foreign terrorism so that obtain the active supports and confidence from citizens.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.79-93
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• 2007

With international urgence of terror situation, many methods of terror techniques and skills are appearing and more intense and threatening terror is braking out not only in the air(plane), but also in the sea(ship). Korea is surrounded by 3 sides of sea and is a proud maritime nation that should advance to foreign country through the sea because South Korea and North Korea are confronting. Korea depend on the maritime transportation, 99.7% of exporting, importing material resources. Therefore, acquisition of the marine safety has the great affect on national security and economical life. On the high tension of situation about threat and possibility of maritime terroism, the potential ways of the improvement policy for counter-tactics against big maritime terror are the following. First, we should construct clear and well-organized network for accurate information about maritime terrorism Second, we should have the information of all domestic, foreign passenger's ships Third, national important facilities such as atomic energy plant, thermo-electric power plant, shipyard need policies to manage all emergency situation Fourth, government authorities should improve tactic abilitities by competing with support and budget inside of nation as well as outside of nation. To develop big maritime terror of our country, we will have to hold cooperative training & tactics contest of big maritime terror by cooperating educational industry organization with similar institute, improve the ability of members of big terror and acquire tactics information by excavating and exchanging a new technique through tactics seminar and public hearing.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2009

South Korea opened Incheon international airport(IIA) in march 29, 2001, with high expectations of becoming the distribution hub of Northeast Asia and aiming at a world best air hub. IIA compares quite well with any other leading airports in the world in it's facilities for the movement of people and vehicles. However, with the sequence of events following the September, 2001. terrorist attack and the war in Iraq, South Korea, an ally of the US, cannot be considered a safe haven from terrorism. At a point in time when national security is given utmost importance, it is necessary to reevaluate the security of airports, because international terrorism can only occur via air and seaports. Nowadays all the countries of the world have entered into competition for their national interests and innovation of their images. with the increasing role of international airports also comes an increased likelihood as a terrorist target, because it can affect so many people and countries. From the condition of current international terrorism, we can realize that our IIA is not completely safe from a terrorist attack. The major part of counterterrorism is event control process. It's very important for quickly saves an accident and rescues a life of person, In addition for the normalization which the airport operation is prompt. In conclusion, we should secure the legal responsibility and establish and establish a system under which we can work actively in order to implement counter terror activities from being taken an airport.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 2020

The whole world is anxious that aircraft could be used as a tool for terrorism after 9/11. The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines is again adding to fears about aircraft. Because these aircraft attacks cause many human casualties, the purpose of the study is to analyze the problems in the current air security system and to present alternatives. The methodology of the study used a literature research methodology to review the current status of aircraft terrorism and related regulations, such as current aviation-related laws and anti-terrorism laws, and prior studies. The purpose of the Chapter is to present an aviation security system that promotes the safety of air traffic through the prevention of aircraft terror by presenting the roles and improvement measures of aviation security personnel, foreign police officers, intelligence agencies, and legal blind spots and flaws.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.14
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• pp.9-85
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• 2001

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2018

The SBD systems have made it possible that all boarding procedures are completed by passengers. With the SBD, air tickets can be issued and baggage can be consigned without the help of airline officers. This way, the SBD can improve the passenger circulation speed as well as decrease the time for passengers to wait for check-in, which is connected to the reduction of airlines' operaitonal costs. However, given that the SBD is a new technology, it has potentials to be used as a tool for air terrorism. This study purposes to determine methods to enhance the security and operation of SBD systems. With the aim, this paper investigated the existing literature on SBDs, self-check-in, airport security, air terrorism, risk management, aviation accidents, and information security. In order to compile real-time information about the SBD operations, twelve airports in North America, Europe, and Asia were analyzed based on existing studies on international SBD trends.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.79-112
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• 2010

The Beijing Convention of 2010 taken together effectively establishes a new broader and stronger civil aviation security framework. This adoption would significantly advance cooperation in prevent of the full range of unlawful acting relation to civil aviation and the prosecution and punishment of offenders. First, the Beijing Convention of 2010 will require parties to criminalize a number of new and emerging threats to the safety of civil aviation, including using aircraft as a weapon and organizing, directing and financing acts of terrorism. These new treaties reflect the international community's shared effort to prevent acts of terrorism against civil aviation and to prosecute and punish those who would commit them. Second, this convention will also require States to criminalize the transport of biological, chemical, nuclear weapons and related material. These provisions reflect the nexus between non-proliferation and terrorism and ensure that the international community will act to combat both. Third, this Convention shall not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services. As a substitute, International Humanitarian Law will be applied in a case. Moreover, the National Jurisdiction and the application of the law will be extended farther. The treaty promotes cooperation between States while emphasizing the human rights and fair treatment of terrorist suspects.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.5
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• pp.53-75
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• 1993

This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.

• 한국항공운항학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.293-300
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• 2016

항공테러 예방을 위해서는 테러리스트 보다 앞서가는 첨단 보안검색 장비개발과 신종 테러기법 및 테러리스트 명단을 공유하는 등 국제적 협력이 필수적이다. 특히 테러관련 정보공유를 통해 테러범이 항공기를 탑승하지 못하게 한다거나 선별적으로 정밀 보안검색을 실시하여 항공 보안목표를 달성해야 한다. 최근의 항공테러는 9.11테러와 같이 항공기를 이용한 자살테러, 항공시스템 사이버 테러 등 무차별적인 양상을 보이고 있으며, 테러로 인한 인적 물적 심리적 피해가 심대함을 비추어 볼 때 항공테러는 사전에 차단해야만 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 최근 항공테러 주요사례와 테러 취약요인을 식별하여 기내 인터넷 보안대책 강화, 지상 원격 컨트롤 및 모니터링 시스템 구축 등의 테러 예방대책을 제시하였다.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.395-410
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the current state of drone terrorism response at such critical national facilities and derive improvements, especially to identify problems in laws and systems to effectively utilize the anti-drone system and present directions for improvement. Method: A qualitative research method was used for this study by analyzing a variety of issues not discussed in existing research papers and policy documents through in-depth interviews with subject matter experts. In-depth interviews were conducted based on 12 semi-structured interviews by selecting 16 experts in the field of anti-drone and terrorism in Korea. The interview contents were recorded with the prior consent of the study participants, transcribed back to the Korean file, and problems and improvement measures were derived through coding. For this, the threats and types were analyzed based on the cases of drone terrorism occurring abroad and measures to establish anti-drone system were researched from the perspective of laws and systems by evaluating the possibility of drone terrorism in the Republic of Korea. Result: As a result of the study, improvements to some of the problems that need to be preceded in order to effectively respond to drone terrorism at critical national facilities in the Republic of Korea, have been identified. First, terminologies related to critical national facilities and drone terrorism should be clearly defined and reflected in the Integrated Defense Act and the Terrorism Prevention Act. Second, the current concept of protection of critical national facilities should evolve from the current ground-oriented protection to a three-dimensional protection concept that considers air threats and the Integrated Defense Act should reflect a plan to effectively install the anti-drone system that can materialize the concept. Third, a special law against flying over critical national facilities should be enacted. To this end, legislation should be enacted to expand designated facilities subject to flight restrictions while minimizing the range of no fly zone, but the law should be revised so that the two wings of "drone industry development" and "protection of critical national facilities" can develop in a balanced manner. Fourth, illegal flight response system and related systems should be improved and reestablished. For example, it is necessary to prepare a unified manual for general matters, but thorough preparation should be made by customizing it according to the characteristics of each facility, expanding professional manpower, and enhancing response training. Conclusion: The focus of this study is to present directions for policy and technology development to establish an anti-drone system that can effectively respond to drone terrorism and illegal drones at critical national facilities going forward.