• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2001

Recognizing interaction between the environment and humans, the EIA(environmental impact assessment) movement has sought to promote more environmentally sound and informed decisions for the sake of human welfare. Therefore, most EIA programs require the consideration of human health impacts. Yet relatively few EIA documents adequately address those impacts. This study was carried out to investigate the role of EIA for reuniting the environment and human health, for preventing and reducing significant health risks, and for improving human health impact assessment by means of risk assessment. Risk assessment consists of 4 components; hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Since most people spent their times in indoor, indoor air quality modelling can be used in exposure assessment and risk assessment. In this study, indoor $NO_2$ concentration and personal $NO_2$ exposure were estimated by Box Model using mass balance equation and time weighted average, respectively. The estimated indoor $NO_2$ concentration and the personal $NO_2$ exposure were compared by those measured, respectively. Subsequntly, health effect was assessed with these results. Consequently, exposure assessment and risk assessment using indoor air quality model may be considered to be applicable to EIA.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제36권2_1호
• /
• pp.139-153
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 전산유체역학(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) 모델을 이용하여 도시 지역에 위치한 도시 대기측정소의 대기질 대표성을 평가하고, 측정 목적에 따른 측정소 위치 선정에 대한 방법론을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 대상 지역을 은평구 도시대기측정소(air quality monitoring system, AQMS)로 선정하였고 두 가지배출 시나리오(대기오염물질이 배경에서 수송되는 경우, 도로에서 배출되는 경우에 대한 수치 실험을 수행하였다. 대기 흐름은 대상 지역의 북동쪽과 남동쪽에 위치한 산악 지형의 영향을 크게 받고, 건물이 밀집한 지역에서는 2차 순환에 의한 복잡한 흐름이 나타났다. 대기오염물질이 배경에서 수송되는 경우에, 대기오염물질 분포는 지형(산)의 영향을 크게 받았다. 선오염(도로)에서 배출되는 경우에는 도로 위치와 건물 분포/높이 영향을 크게 받았다. 은평구 AQMS 위치에서 수치 모의된 농도는 지형보다 건물의 영향이 크게 나타났다. 배출 시나리오 결과를 이용하여 은평구 AQMS가 대상 지역의 대기질을 대표할 수 있는지에 대하여 평가하였다. 은평구 AQMS 위치에서 모의되는 농도는 두 시나리오의 층 평균 농도와 유사한 크기를 가지고 있어 측정 높이에서의 대기질을 대표할 수 있다고 판단된다. 대기오염물질은 시·공간적으로 비균질적이기 때문에 측정 목적에 따른 고도 별 측정망 위치 선정에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하였다. 측정망을 고농도가 나타나는 지역(hot spot)과 청정 지역(clean zone), 각 층의 평균 농도가 나타나는 지역(average zone), 건물/지형에 가로막혀 흐름의 유입과 유출이 활발하지 않는 안락처 지역(shelter zone), 외부에서 수송되는 배경 농도를 대표할 수 있는 지역(equi-background zone) 등 총 5가지로 분류하여 조사하였다.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the present air pollutant concentrations and predicted levels for next 30 years in urban environment of Karachi city. For that, a total of fifty measurements were made for each twenty selected locations of the city. The locations were selected on the basis of land use pattern such as residential, commercial, industrial settlements, open areas, congested traffic and low traffic areas for investigation of air pollutants variability and intensity. The measurements were taken continuously for six months period using PM Meter, Model AEROCET 531 and Ambient Air Quality Meter, Model AAQ 7545. The concentration of air pollutants were found higher at Al Asif Square and Maripur Road due to higher intensity of traffic and at Korangi Crossing because of industrial areas. The level of pollutants was lower at Sea View owing to lower traffic congestion and transportation of pollutants by sea breezes.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제24권11호
• /
• pp.813-822
• /
• 2012

In this study, the multizone simulation for biosafety of BSL3 lab. and energy simulation are carried out simultaneously by using linked model of CONTAM and TRNSYS. In BSL3 lab., annual energy consumption is approximately five to ten times more than the magnitude of the office building. This is because required air change rate is extremely large and it is difficult to maintain room pressure difference efficiently. To maintain pressure difference between laboratory rooms through sealing condition of doors and proper airflow control is significant. In this study, to predict indoor environment of the BSL3 lab.(Influenza A research lab.), the multizone simulation for four kinds of biohazard scenario is also performed as part of risk assessment. Multizone and energy simulation results by using linked model show that these approaches are used as a tool for the energy efficient design and operation method for the safer BSL3 lab. facilities.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.147-162
• /
• 2020

The main objective of this study is to estimate the levels of pollution to which the community is presently exposed and to model the regimes of local air quality. Diurnal, daily, and monthly variations of NO, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃ were thoroughly investigated in three areas; namely, residential, industrial, and terminal in Ras Al-Khafji. There is obvious diurnal variation in the concentration of these pollutants that clearly follows the diurnal variation of atmospheric temperature and main anthropogenic and industrial activities. Correlation analysis showed that meteorological conditions play a vital role in shaping the pattern and transportation of air pollutants and photochemical processes affecting O₃ formation and destruction. Bivariate polar plots, an effective graphical tool that utilizes air pollutant concentrations' dependence on wind speed and wind direction, were used to identify prevailing emission sources. Non-buoyant ground-level sources like domestic heating and street transport emissions, various industrial stacks, and airport-related activities were considered dominant emission sources in observatory sites. This study offers valuable and detailed information on the status of air quality, which has considerable, quantifiable, and important public health benefits.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 2014

Mulberry fruits were semi-dried using hot air ($60-100^{\circ}C$) or cool air ($20-40^{\circ}C$), and the effects of the drying temperature and processing time on the quality of the final dried mulberry fruits were investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to establish a statistical model and predict the conditions resulting in minimal loss of the total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid. Thus, using overlapped contour plots, the optimal conditions for producing semi-dried mulberry fruits, which reduced the moisture residue to 45% and minimized the nutrient losses of TPC and ascorbic acid, were determined for the hot-air process ($60.7^{\circ}C$ for 5.4 h) and cool-air process ($34.8^{\circ}C$ for 23.3 h). Plus, a higher drying temperature was found to lead to a faster loss of moisture and ascorbic acid, while the TPC was significantly decreased in the cool-air dried mulberry fruits due to the higher activity of polyphenol oxidase between 30 and $40^{\circ}C$.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1997

It is more likely that the degree of air quality degradation that we have faced would be much lessen, if integrated management of air pollution control and assessment had been fully enforced by the local administrations, not by the centralized environmental agency in the first place. As the selfgoverning local administrations have been established since 1995, the need for air quality control by the local administration or local agency is getting the ground. However, in practice, air quality control by the local administration rarely put into effect due to lack of basic data which cover the present trends of air quality in each local city or county and are necessary for decision making. The emissions of SO$_2$ in each city and county of Korea in 1993 were calculated in this study, based on energy consumptions and emission factors. The ambient concentrations of SO$_2$ also were estimated by applying modified Miller-Holtzworth model. Observed and estimated concentrations of SO$_2$ showed that about 17.5 percents of cities and counties in the country were more polluted than the target value, 20ppb/year. The emissions and ambient concentrations of SO$_2$ in each city and county in 2000, 2005, and 2010 were also forecasted, assumed business as usual senario. It was shown that, in 2010, the emissions of SO$_2$ will be 2.8 times more than those of 1993 and much of them are from industrial sector. Also shown that 38.3 percents of cities and counties will be more polluted than the target value and most of them are polluted areas in 1993. The methods and results of this study could be used in developing the efficient reduction strategies in each city and county.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.34-46
• /
• 2008

Emissions inputs for use in air quality modeling of Korea were generated with the emissions inventory data from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), maintained under the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) database. Source Classification Codes (SCC) in the Korea emissions inventory were adapted to use with the U.S. EPA's Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) by finding the best-matching SMOKE default SCCs for the chemical speciation and temporal allocation. A set of 19 surrogate spatial allocation factors for South Korea were developed utilizing the Multi-scale Integrated Modeling System (MIMS) Spatial Allocator and Korean GIS databases. The mobile and area source emissions data, after temporal allocation, show typical sinusoidal diurnal variations with high peaks during daytime, while point source emissions show weak diurnal variations. The model-ready emissions are speciated for the carbon bond version 4 (CB-4) chemical mechanism. Volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions from painting related industries in area source category significantly contribute to TOL (Toluene) and XYL (Xylene) emissions. ETH (Ethylene) emissions are largely contributed from point industrial incineration facilities and various mobile sources. On the other hand, a large portion of OLE (Olefin) emissions are speciated from mobile sources in addition to those contributed by the polypropylene industry in point source. It was found that FORM (Formaldehyde) is mostly emitted from petroleum industry and heavy duty diesel vehicles. Chemical speciation of PM2.5 emissions shows that PEC (primary fine elemental carbon) and POA (primary fine organic aerosol) are the most abundant species from diesel and gasoline vehicles. To reduce uncertainties in processing the Korea emission inventory due to the mapping of Korean SCCs to those of U.S., it would be practical to develop and use domestic source profiles for the top 10 SCCs for area and point sources and top 5 SCCs for on-road mobile sources when VOC emissions from the sources are more than 90% of the total.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.79-87
• /
• 2002

In this study, flow boiling experiments were performed using R-134a on a plain tube bundle. Tests were conducted for the following range of variables; quality from 0.1 to 0.9, mass flux from 8kg/$m^2$s to 26 kg/$m^2$s and heat flux from 10kW/$m^2$ to 40kW/$m^2$. The heat transfer coefficients were strongly dependent on the heat flux. However, they were almost independent on the mass flux or quality. The data are compared with the modified Chen model, which predicted satisfactorily ($\pm$30%) the data. The Original Chen model, however, did not adequately predict the effect of quality. The reason may be attributed to the flow pattern of the present test, where the bubbly flow prevailed for the entire test range. The heat transfer coefficients of the tube bundle were 6~40% higher than those of the single tube pool boiling.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.607-616
• /
• 2012

지속적인 터널 건설의 증가는 터널 내 대기질 관리에 대한 필요성을 점증시키고 있어 측정 및 모델 모사를 통한 터널 내 대기질 거동에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 남산1호 터널 입구와 출구의 $CO_2$ 농도차는 250 ppm~400 ppm으로 출구쪽이 높았으며 환기를 안 하는 차량 내부의 농도는 외부에 비해 200 ppm~300 ppm 낮게 측정되었다. 교통량이 적을 시 터널 내 유속은 빨라지며 일정한 농도 구배를 나타내고, 교통량이 증가하면 일정치 않은 농도 구배를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다.