• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2012

The effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; a mixture of two preparations from Trichoderma spp., with predominant xylanase and ${\beta}$-glucanase activities, respectively) on colonization and digestion of ground barley straw and alfalfa hay by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were studied in vitro. The two levels (28 and 280 ${\mu}g$/ml) of EFE tested and both bacteria were effective at digesting NDF of hay and straw. With both substrates, more NDF hydrolysis (p<0.01) was achieved with EFE alone at 280 than at 28 ${\mu}g$/ml. A synergistic effect (p<0.01) of F. succinogenes S85 and EFE on straw digestion was observed at 28 but not 280 ${\mu}g$/ml of EFE. Strain R. flavefaciens FD1 digested more (p<0.01) hay and straw with higher EFE than with lower or no EFE, but the effect was additive rather than synergistic. Included in the incubation medium, EFE showed potential to improve fibre digestion by cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. In a second batch culture experiment using mixed rumen microbes, DM disappearance (DMD), gas production and incorporation of $^{15}N$ into particle-associated microbial N ($^{15}N$-PAMN) were higher (p<0.001) with ammoniated (5% w/w; AS) than with native (S) ground barley straw. Application of EFE to the straws increased (p<0.001) DMD and gas production at 4 and 12 h, but not at 48 h of the incubation. EFE applied onto S increased (p<0.01) $^{15}N$-PAMN at 4 h only, but EFE on AS increased (p<0.001) $^{15}N$-PAMN at all time points. Prehydrolysis increased (p<0.01) DMD from both S and AS at 4 and 12 h, but reduced (p<0.01) $^{15}N$-PAMN in the early stage (4 h) of the incubation, as compared to non-prehydrolyzed samples. Application of EFE to barley straw increased rumen bacterial colonization of the substrate, but excessive hydrolytic action of EFE prior to incubation decreased it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.563-566
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• 1995

To improve the nutritive value of wheat straw it as treated with 0, 3, 4 and 5 percent levels of urea, 0 and 4 percent level of alkali at 40, 50 and 60 percent moisture levels and stored at room temperature. Total nitrogen contents of the straw increased significantly, from 0.77 percent with no urea treatment to 0.87, 1.16 and 1.19 percent with 3, 4 and 5 percent urea levels, respectively. Percent retention of nitrogen was 63.73 percent. Alkali treatment at 4 percent level, lowered significantly the crude fibre contents of the straw from 41.86 percent in control to 40.21 percent in the treated straw. Moisture level of 40 percent significantly lowered (p < 0.05) the crude fibre contents. Total ash content of straw increased significantly by urea and alkali treatment. Alkali treatment improved significantly the sodium contents also. The results of the study indicated that most beneficial results were obtained with 4 percent urea, 4 percent alkali at 50 percent moisture level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.452-461
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• 2012

Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman${\times}$native) beef cattle with initial body weight of $420{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while $NH_3$-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal $NH_3$-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2016

The study was carried out to explore the effects of replacing wheat straw with fungal treated wheat straw as an ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nili Ravi buffalo male calves. Fungal treated wheat straw was prepared using Arachniotus sp. Four TMRs were formulated where wheat straw was replaced with 0 (TMR1), 33 (TMR2), 67 (TMR3), and 100% (TMR4) fungal treated wheat straw in TMR. All TMRs were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. The experimental TMRs were randomly assigned to four groups of male calves (n = 6) according to completely randomized design and the experiment continued for four months. The calves fed TMR2 exhibited a significant improve in dry matter intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed economics compared to other groups. The same group also showed higher digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral-, and acid detergent fibers than those fed on other TMRs. It is concluded that TMR with 33% fungal-treated wheat straw replacement has a potential to give an enhanced growth performance and nutrient digestibility in male Nili Ravi buffalo calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.575-580
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• 1997

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of cellulase and brewers' grains addition on improvement of the fermentation quality and the nutritive value of barley straw silages made from dried or fresh straw. In Exp. I : 1 kg dried barley straw + 2 kg wet brewers' grains + 0 (I-0), 2 (I-2), 4 (I-4), 6 (I-6), and 8 (I-8) g of cellulase. In Exp. II : 2 kg fresh barley straw + 2 kg wet brewers' grains + 0 (II-0), 2 (II-2), 4 (II-4), 6 (II-6), and 8 (II-8) g of cellulase. Each prepared material was ensiled into vinyl bag silos (5 L capacity) and stored for 10 (Exp. I) or 7 (Exp. II) months at $21^{\circ}C$. The fermentation quality and nutritive value of barley straw silages produced were markedly improved by mixing them with wet brewers' grains, on the other hand the effect of cellulase addition on the fermentation and reduction of the cell wall components in the silos at ensiling more effectively occurred at low dry matter silages rather than at the high ones. All silages in both Exp. I and II were found well preserved as indicated by their low pH and high lactic acid concentration. Cellulase treated silages had a lower pH (p<0.05) and a higher lactic acid concentration (p<0.05) than those of without cellulase addition. NDF, ADF, and (Hemi)cellulose contents of cellulase treated silages reduced (p<0.05) compare to those of the corresponding silage without cellulase. Increasing levels of cellulase addition caused an increase in fermentation quality and reduction of cell wall components. In vitro dry mater digestibility was found similar in all silages. Fermentation quality and nutritive value of barley straw silages were improved by both wet brewers' grains and cellulase addition. Cellulase addition reduced the cell wall components silages, but did not improve the digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.389-396
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• 1994

Effects of chemical treatments on in sacco and in vitro digestibility of barley straw by rumen fluid and pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria were studied to evaluate the pretreatment and to improve the poor quality feed. Chemicals were applied by dissolving them in water equivalent to 40% of the weight of the straw (dry matter basis). Pretreatment with 5% NaOH yielded the largest increase in sacco digestion followed by pretreatment with 2% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$, 2.6% $NH_4OH$, 1.6% $NaHSO_3$ and untreated straw (control). In sacco dry matter digestibility of straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ continued to increase as the concentration of chemical increased (1 to 7.5%), as it was the in vitro dry matter loss by leaching. Treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) in vitro digestibility by rumen fluid, Fibrobacter suceinogenes and Ruminococcus albus though the fermentation products by cellulolytic bacteria were low, whereas the treatment with 5% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ inhibited in vitro digestibility by F. succinogenes and R. albus together with lower fermentation products. Dry matter loss by leaching and bacterial digestion from barley straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ suggested the effect of pretreatment with these chemicals were based on leaching, and the cellulolytic bacteria had little to do with digestion.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2001

The qualities of the rice straw, black locust and orchardgrass silage added with grape pomace were investigated in this study and the amount of grape pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 50%, respectively. Crude protein contents of rice straw(6.5-10.6%) and orchardgrass silage(13.2-14.8%) added with grape pomace were significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of 100% rice straw(5.3%) and orchard grass silage(12.8%), however the crude protein contents(14.9-15.6%) of black locust silage in supplementation were lower than that of 100% black locust silage(16.3%). With higher amount of addition of grape pomade to rice straw, black locust and orchardgrass silages, ADF, NDF and crude ash contents decreased significantly(p<0.75). Moisture contents decreased according to the higher proportion of grape pomace in the rice straw silages, but increased according to the higher proportion of grape pomace in the black locust and orchardgrass silage. Values of pH in 20∼60% addition of grape pomace in rice straw(4.0∼4.2), black locust(4.1∼4.3) and orchardgrass silages(4.2∼4.4) were lower than that of 100% in rice straw(4.6), black locust(5.4) and orchardgrass silages(4.7). The contents of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of grape pomace compared to the respective values of silage. However the contents of lactic acid in supplementation of grape pomace were lower than that of 100% black locust silage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.524-534
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• 2017

The development and utilization of crop straw biogas resources can effectively alleviate the shortage of energy, environmental pollution, and other issues. This study performed a continuous batch test at $35^{\circ}C$ to assess the methane production potential and volatile organic acid contents using the modified Gompertz equation. Illumina MiSeq platform sequencing, which is a sequencing method based on sequencing-by-synthesis, was used to compare the archaeal community diversity, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to analyze the bacterial community diversity in rice straw, dry maize straw, silage maize straw, and tobacco straw. The results showed that cumulative gas production values for silage maize straw, rice straw, dry maize straw, and tobacco straw were 4,870, 4,032.5, 3,907.5, and $3,628.3ml/g{\cdot}VS$, respectively, after 24 days. Maximum daily gas production values of silage maize straw and rice straw were 1,025 and $904.17ml/g{\cdot}VS$, respectively, followed by tobacco straw and dry maize straw. The methane content of all four kinds of straws was > 60%, particularly that of silage maize straw, which peaked at 67.3%. Biogas production from the four kinds of straw was in the order silage maize straw > rice straw > dry maize straw > tobacco straw, and the values were 1,166.7, 1,048.4, 890, and $637.4ml/g{\cdot}VS$, respectively. The microbial community analysis showed that metabolism was mainly carried out by acetate-utilizing methanogens, and that Methanosarcina was the dominant archaeal genus in the four kinds of straw, and the DGGE bands belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi. Silage maize is useful for biogas production because it contains four kinds of straw.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.178-179
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility as mineral admixture of agriculture by-product. XRD and XRF analysis were performed on rice straw ashes at various combustion temperatures to identify chemical compositions. Also to evaluate properties of pozzolanic reaction, pH change method was tested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1988

Ninety feeder steers, predominantly Herefords weighing 280 kg, were assigned at random to each of nine diets: basal (high concentrate); 25 or 50% of untreated rice straw (25- or 50 URS) or ammoniated rice straw (25- or 50 ARS); a 50:50 mixture of URS - alfalfa or ARS - alfalfa replacing a proportion of the basal at 25 and 50%. Animals were slaughtered after 154 or 161 days of feeding. The cattle fed 50% URS had the lowest (P<.05) carcass weight, dressing & external fat thickness, kidney, pelvic and heart fat, rib eye area, marbling score, quality and yield grades, followed by cattle fed 50% ARS, 50% rice straw/alfalfa, and 25% rice straw alone or 25% rice straw/alfalfa mixture. Ammoniation of rice straw improved all measured traits. A 25% substitution of basal diet with untreated or ammoniated rice straw and a 50% substitution with rice straw/alfalfa mixture did not significantly affect carcass traits compared to the basal group. Only 50% ARS and 50% URS cattle showed differences in body composition (P<.05) with lower fat and higher water and protein contents. No significant differences were found in shear value, panel tenderness, connective tissue, juiciness, flavor and overall palatability of meat from steers fed the basal, ARS or URS diets.