• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2014

Between 2010 and 2012, diseases and insect pests of sweet persimmon were surveyed at sweet persimmon export complexes and non-export orchards in Suncheon, Jeonnam Province; Jinju, Changwon (Dongeup and Bukmyeon), and Gimhae, Gyeongnam Province; and Ulzu, Ulsan. The following diseases were found in the sweet persimmon orchards: angular leaf spot (Cercospora kaki), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum), circular leaf spot (Mycosphaerella nawae), powdery mildew (Phyllactinia kakicola), and gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Circular leaf spot was the most frequent and serious disease, and C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum were found on fruits. Thirty-three insect pest species that belonged to 32 genera of 20 families in 5 orders were found in the sweet persimmon orchards; the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, was also found in the surveyed orchards. Apolygus spinolae, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, and Adoxophyes orana were widely found in the surveyed orchards; Spodoptera litura and Homona magnanima were also recorded. Damage by insect pests was low, and the quarantine insect pests peach pyralid moth (Dichocrocis punctiferalis) and persimmon fruit moth (Stathmopoda masinissa) were rarely or not found in the sweet persimmon export complexes. In addition, other quarantine insect pests, such as persimmon false spider mite (Tenuipalpus zhizhilashviliae) and Japanese mealybug (Planococcus kraunhiae), were not detected. These quarantine insect pests were also not found in the sorting places, storage houses, and fruits for export; however, scale insects and two-spotted spider mites were found at a low rate. Although anthracnose (C. acutatum) infested fruit was found in the storage houses, only one in Jinju and Gimhae.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transplanting methods on the growth and yield of paprika (Capsicumannuum L. 'Veyron' and 'Coletti') in coir culture during two seasons. The summer type sowed in late winter and harvested from summer and the winter type sowed in summer and harvested from early winter. Control plants grown on the 10cm rockwool block were transplanted on coir slab when the 8 leaves of seedlings were emerged, while plants of the young seedling transplanting(YST) grown on the 7cm rockwool block was put on the slab at time of 2-3 leaves developed. Plants of the temporary transplanting(TT) on the 10cm rockwool block were moved on the slab after 2-3 weeks underpinning cultivation, while plants of the blockless transplanting(BT) were directly transplanted in the slab when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves emerged. The plant height of the control and BT treatment were longer while that of TT showed the shortest among treatments. The bigger leaf size was observed in the YST and BT treatment. Leaf number of the BT treatment was increased, while that of TT was the lowest. There were no differences in fruit size, locules and thickness among treatments. The lower fruit weight was observed in the TT of the winter culture and fruits in the control and YST of the summer culture showed higher fruit weight. The percentage of marketable fruit appeared to be slightly higher in the winter culture than in the summer culture. There were no differences in marketable fruit rate among the treatments of the winter culture but, among the summer culture, the highest marketable fruit rate was observed in the BT with 93%. The yield of the YST and BT was higher and that of the TT was the lowest.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Heavy metal adsorption not only depends on rapid cooling slag(RCS) characteristics but also on the nature of the metals involved and on their competitive behavior for RCS adsorption sites. The goal of this study was to investigate the competitive absorption characteristics of Cu, Cd and Zn in single- and multi-metal forms by RCS.METHODS AND RESULTS: Both single- and multi-metal adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption characteristics of RCS for the heavy metals. Adsorption behaviors of the heavy metals by RCS were evaluated using both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations. The maximum adsorption capacities of metals by RCS were in the order of Cu(16.6 mg/g) > Cd(8.1 mg/g) > Zn(6.2 mg/g) in the single-metal adsorption isotherm and Cu(14.5 mg/g) >> Zn(1.3 mg/g) > Cd(0.6 mg/g) in the multi-metal adsorption isotherm. Based on data obtained from Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models and three-dimensional simulation, multi-metal adsorption behaviors differed from single- metal adsorption due to competition. Cadmium and Zn were easily exchanged and substituted by Cu during multi-metal adsorption.CONCLUSION: Results from adsorption experiments indicate that competitive adsorption among metals increases the mobility of these metals.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2010

Few spring sowing have been conducted on winter cereal crops for whole-crop silage use. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were compared the spring sowing with the optimum season's sowing on growth, yield and feed quality in five winter cereal crops. The treatments consisted of 5 winter cereal crops, Youngyang (Barley, Spring habit I), Keumkang (Wheat, Spring habit II), Gogu(Rye, Spring habit estimated III), Shinyoung (Triticale, Spring habit estimated III), Samhan(Oat, Spring habit estimated II), and 3 planting dates, 18 October (optimum season's sowing), 23 February and 10 March in spring. Heading days as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season sowing were delayed by 16~20 days in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, and 9 days in oat. The clipping dates at the optimal harvesting stage of each crop for round-baled silage in spring sowing was 8 June (yellow ripe stage) in barley, 25 May (10 days after heading) in rye, and 17 June in wheat (yellow ripe stage), triticale (milky stage) and oat (milky stage). The accumulative temperature from emergence to heading was significantly decreased as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season's sowing, but that of sowing to emergence and that of heading to maturing was similar. The rate of spikes per tillering surveyed at each clipping date was 62.0-73.1 percent in barley, wheat, triticale and oat, and 56.0 percent in rye compared to that of optimum season sowing. The dry matter yield in spring sowing compared to 18 October was obtained about 71.7 percent in barley, 60.6 percent in wheat, 46.2 percent in rye, 70.2 percent in triticale and 110.9 percent in oat. It were increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content, but decreased in digestible dry matter content(DDM) and relative feed value (RFV). The yield of DDM by spring sowing was decreased in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, but increased in oat. The yield of dry matter and DDM were higher in oat and triticale than that of barley, wheat and oat. So, regardless to clipping dates and cropping system, the appropriated crop for spring sowing was oat, and subsequently triticale and barley. It was not adopted for spring sowing in rye because of low rate of no. of spikes per tillers and yield. It was necessary eliminated winter growing nature by earlier sowing at the late of February after overwinter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.491-497
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• 2015

Small-sized tuber of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) is more preferred by Korean consumers, because it is convenient to eat with hands, and can easily be steamed or roasted in small pan as a healthy snack for a small family. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of high-density plantings and harvesting times on production of smallsized tuber (50~200 g). Four varieties ('Annobeny', 'Daeyumi', 'Shinzami', and 'Yeonhwangmi') were planted in 2-row zigzag high-density planting ($75{\times}30cm$, A; $75{\times}25cm$, B) and 1-row planting ($75{\times}25cm$, control) covered with black vinyl film on May 23th, 2014. Marketable yields and small-sized tuber yields were compared between 120- and 150-day harvesting. Vine length and fresh weight per plant were significantly decreased in 2-row planting A and B plots compared to the control at 120 days after planting. Weight of tuber per plant, mean weight of tuber and number of tuber per plant were significantly decreased in 120-day harvesting of A and B plots than in the control. Marketable yields per 10a were increased by 17% ($2.4ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) and 8% ($2.6ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) in 120-day harvesting of A and B plots compared to the control ($2.4ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$), and those were largely increased by 29% ($4.0ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) and 26% ($3.9ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) in 150-day harvesting than in the control ($3.1ton{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). Proportions of small size tuber (50~200 g) were increased by about 65% in 150-day harvesting of A and B plots compared to the control (55.3%). Small-size tuber yield and marketable yield were highly increased in 150-day harvesting of 2-row zigzag high-density planting A ($75{\times}30cm$).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity in introduced forage pea cultivars at the experimental field. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The forage pea used in this study were two cultivars ('Livioletta', 'Austrian Pea') and one Chinese milk vetch cultivar (Chinese domestic cultivar). Flowing of 'Livioletta' cultivar was May 16th and 'Austrian Pea' cultivar was 18th May, 20 days later than the former. The 'Livioletta' cultlvar showed stronger than winter hardiness of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. Dry matter (DM) content of 'Liviotetta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars were 22.5% and 20.9% chinese milk vetch showed the lowest content with 17.7%. 'Austrian pea' cultivar showed the highest DM yield with 5,617 kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Livioletta' cultivar was low with 3,652 kg/ha. The yield of CP (crude protein) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) set high at 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. And 'Livioletta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars showed CP content with 15.5% and 14.4% but Chinese milk vetch with 19.3%. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar were 23.2% and 40.3%. Therefore 'Austrian pea' cultivar seems to be suitable varieties in paddy field as winter forage crops.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.550-558
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• 2017

The effect of Artemisia argyi H. under liquid-state fermentation by Monascus purpureus (AAFM) on cognitive impairments has been studied in a mice model of diabetes-associated cognitive decline induced by streptozotocin (STZ). C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks of age, male) were separated into four groups: a normal control, STZ-induced diabetic mouse group (STZ group), Artemisia argyi H. (AA) 10 group (diabetic mouse+AA 10 mg/kg/day), AAFM 10 group (diabetic mouse+AAFM 10 mg/kg/day). Administration of AA and AAFM significantly improved glucose tolerance, as shown by the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), and ameliorated cognitive deficit, as shown by the behavioral tests including passive avoidance, Morris water maze, and Y-maze tests. After behavioral tests, the cholinergic system was examined by assessment of the acetylcholine (ACh) level and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, and the antioxidant system was also assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the brain and liver.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.444-454
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• 2017

There are many ongoing studies of infectious diseases as the major factor responsible for global declining of the amphibian population. Although some point out the amphibian rearing facilities like frog farms as one of the important sources of harboring and spreading amphibian infectious pathogens in the wild, there have been few related studies in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal colonies on the skin and in the internal organs of frogs and tadpoles collected inside and outside of Dybowski's brown frog farms in Inje, Goesan, and Gongju to compare the difference according to the region and between inside and outside the farm. We also intended to classify the bacteria collected from the tadpoles into species by analyzing 16s rDNA gene sequences. The result showed that the number of bacterial colonies found in the skin and gut of frogs and the number of fungal colonies found in the skin and liver of frogs collected in Goesan was significantly greater than those in the frogs in Inje. However, there was no difference between the frogs collected inside and outside of farms in both regions. In the case of tadpoles, the number of fungal colonies in the tadpoles collected from Gongju was greater than that in the tadpoles collected from Inje. The comparison of inside and outside frog farms showed that there were more bacterial colonies on the skin of the tadpoles collected from inside than outside the frog farm in Inje and more bacterial colonies in the organs of the tadpoles collected from outside than inside the farm in Gongju. The frogs with higher condition factor (body weight/snout-vent length*100) showed fewer bacterial colonies on the skin and fewer fungal colonies in the heart, but there were no significant relationships in tadpoles. We identified the total of 15 genera and four phyla of bacteria, but the difference according to regions and between inside and outside farm was not evident. The result of this study indicates that the different conditions according to the locality of farm and between inside and outside farm cause the difference in the population sizes of bacterial and fungal colonies and that it can affect the overall health condition of Dybowski's brown frogs in the farm. Moreover, the result suggests that effective disease control in the facility is greatly necessary to ensure successful operation of amphibian rearing facility and to prevent the possible spread of diseases from the facility to the wild.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 2010

We investigated the levels of resistance and accumulation of terapyrroles, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzymes for reasons of growth reduction in herbicide-transgenic rice overexpressing Myxococcus xanthus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) genes. The transgenic rice overexpressing M. xanthus (MX, MX1, PX), A. thaliana (AP31, AP36, AP37), and human (H45, H48, H49) Protox genes showed 43~65, 41~72 and 17~70-fold more resistance to oxyfluorfen, respectively, than the wild type. Among transgenic rice lines overexpressing Protox genes, several lines showed normal growth compared with the wild type, but several lines showed in reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight under different light conditions. However, reduction of plant height of AP37 was much higher than other lines for the experimental period. On the other hand, the reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight in the transgenic rice was higher in high light condition than in low light condition. Enhanced levels of Proto IX were observed in transgenic lines AP31, AP37, and H48 at 7 days after seeding (DAS) and transgenic lines PX, AP37, and H48 at 14 DAS relative to wild type. There were no differences in Mg-Proto IX of transgenic lines except for H41 and H48 and Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester of transgenic lines except for MX, MX1, and PX. Although accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates was observed in transgenic lines, their tetrapyrrole accumulation levels were not enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. There were no differences in reactive oxygen species, MDA, ALA synthesizing capacity, and chlorophyll between transgenic lines and wild type indicating that accumulated tetrapyrrole intermediate were apparently not high enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. Therefore, the growth reduction in certain transgenic lines may not be caused by a single factor such as Proto IX, but by interaction of many other factors.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.