• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1994

Structural and optical characteristics in $SnO_2$/a-Se/Al sample by aging variation and applying constant voltage had been investigated. a-Se was varied with monoclinic structure and its surface was greatly exchanged. Its capacitance was first decreased and then increased and its photo-current, photo-voltage and photo-capacitance were increased gradually with day and applying voltage. From the results, crystallization of a-Se and dopant trap level formation had been identified. Also, it was acknowledged $SnO_2$/a-Se/Al sample is useful in photovoltaic and solid thin film cell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.467-477
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• 2020

Doenjang is a major fermented soy-based food in Korea. Recent investigations have shown that fermented soybean foods have immunity-enhancing, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. Several studies also have reported that genistein and daidzein, which are easily absorbed in the body are produced in larger quantities in aged doenjang. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variations in the anti-cancer effects of commercialized doenjang as it ages. Four groups were formed for this study according to aging periods of doenjang, namely short (under 5 years, S group), mid (under 10 years, M group), long (under 15 years, L group) and very long (over 15 years, E group). The anti-cancer effects of doenjang were determined by cell cytotoxicity assays in A549, YAC-1, and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Also, NK cell activity and splenocyte proliferation were assayed for cancer immunotherapy. The quantities of phenolic compounds in doenjang at different ages were also measured. The results showed that the anti-cancer effects increased in the S and M groups for all three cancer cell lines. Interestingly, similar to this result, splenocyte proliferation and NK activity were also the highest in the S and M groups. In contrast, the E group showed significantly reduced splenocyte proliferation. The quantity of phenolic compounds was similar to that of the anti-cancer results. Collectively, these results suggest that the fermentation period of doenjang plays a very important role in determining its anti-cancer effects.

• Korea Journal of Cosmetic Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

The identification of compounds with anti-senescence activity in cell culture system is a first step in aging research. Given that pyruvate can be used energy source by conversion to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria, and protects cultured cell from various stress-induced cell damage and cell death, synthetic media (e.g., DMEM) often includes 1 mM pyruvate, which is very higher than the pyruvate concentration in human blood (approximately 30 ��M). However, the use of medium containing high concentration of pyruvate is not suitable for screening anti-senescence compounds, because pyruvate also protects against the cellular senescence of primary human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) through NAD+ generated during conversion to lactate. In this study, four extracts, i.e., Sprouted seed and fruit complex, Poncirus trifoliata fruit extract, Jaum balancing complex, and Prunus mume extract were used for evaluation of different anti-senescence effect in the absence or presence of 0.1 mM pyruvate, similar to the physiological pyruvate concentration. The senescence in NHDFs cultured with DMEM in the presence of 0.1 mM pyruvate (approximately the physiological concentration in human blood) is accelerated, as observed in pyruvate deprivation conditions. The cytotoxicity of the Poncirus trifoliata fruit extract was protected by pyruvate, and Jaum balancing complex and Prunus mume extract had anti-senescence activity in the presence of 0.1 mM pyruvate, but not in the absence of pyruvate. Given that pyruvate is a powerful protector against both cytotoxicity and cellular senescence, the screening of candidate agents for anti-senescence in high pyruvate conditions using an in vitro cell culture system is not valid. Therefore, we recommend the use of a low concentration of pyruvate to evaluate the anti-senescence effects of candidates, which is more similar to in vivo aging conditions than excessive stress-induced senescence models, to exclude the effect of excessive pyruvate in vitro.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

Tooth loss in elderly is mainly caused by alveolar bone loss via severe periodontitis. Although the severity of periodontitis is known to be affected by age, the aging process or the genetic changes during the aging of periodontal tissue cells are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated the effect of in vitro aging on the change of gene expression pattern in periodontal fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblasts (GF) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) were obtained from two young patients and replicative senescence was induced by sequential subcultivation. When more than 90% cells were positively stained with senescence-associated ${\beta},-galactosidase$, those cells were regarded as aged cells. In aged GF and PDL, the level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (RB) and $p16^{INK4A}$ protein was significantly decreased and increased, respectively. However, the protein level of p53 and p21, well known senescence-inducing genes, did not increase in aged GF and PDL. Although $p27^{Kip1}$ and $p15^{INK4B}$, another cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, were reported to be involved in replicative senescence of human cells, they were decreased in aged GF and PDL. Because senescent cells showed flattened and enlarged cell shape and are known to have increased focal adhesion, we examined the protein level of several integrins. Aged GF and PDL showed increased protein level of integrin ${\alpha}2$, ${\alpha}v$, and ${\beta}1$. When the gene expression profiles of actively proliferating young cells and aged cells were compared by cDNA microarray of 3,063 genes and were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 7 genes and 15 genes were significantly and commonly increased and decreased, respectively, in aged GF and PDL. Among them, included are the genes that were known to be involved in the regulation of cell cycle, gene transcription, or integrin signaling. The change of gene expression pattern in GF and PDL was minimally similar to that of oral keratinocyte. These results suggest that $p16^{INK4A}/RB$ might be involved in replicative senescence of periodontal fibroblasts and the change of gene expression profile during aging process is cell type specific.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.646-650
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• 2016

The influence of chromosome number on cell growth and cell aging was investigated in various yeast strains that have many artificial chromosomes constructed using a chromosome manipulation technique. Host strain FY833 and the YKY18, YKY18R, YKY24, and YKY30 strains harboring 16 natural chromosomes, 18 chromosomes, 18 chromosomes containing rDNA chromosome, 24 chromosomes, and 30 chromosomes, respectively, were used, and the specific growth rate of each strain was compared. The specific growth rates in the YKY18 and YKY24 strains were indistinguishable from that in the host strain, while those of the YKY18R and YKY30 strains were reduced to approximately 25% and 40% of the host strain level, respectively. Subsequently, the replicative life span was examined to investigate the relationship between the number of chromosomes and cell aging, and the life span was decreased to approximately 14% and 45% of the host strain level in the YKY24 and YKY30 strains, respectively. Moreover, telomere length, well known as a senescence factor, was shorter and more diversified in the strain, showing decreased life span. Therefore, these results suggest the possibility that an increase in the number of chromosomes containing artificial chromosomes caused cell aging, and we expected these observations would be applied to improve industrial strain harboring of versatile and special artificial chromosomes.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2020

Marine algae contain a variety of substances, such as mycosporine-like amino acids, which can defend against UV irradiation. Among them, Porphyra-334 derived from Porphyra yezoensis is attracting attention as a novel active ingredient for anti-aging cosmetics because of its excellent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties through promoting skin cell migration. In this study, a process using direct current (DC) for increasing the yield of large-scale purification of Porphyra-334 was developed. When DC was applied to obtain Porphyra-334 efficiently, the purification time was shortened by approximately 1/4 compared with the process wherein DC was not applied; moreover, the yield of purification was improved.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2019

This study was carried out to identify the skin anti-aging effect of cycloheterophyllin on dermal fibroblasts. To elucidate anti-aging effects of cycloheterophyllin on dermal fibroblasts, I measured cell viability, mRNA expressions, and Collagen, type I/matrix metallopeptidase 1(MMP1)-ELISA assay. In this study, I investigated the effects of cycloheterophyllin on Collagen, type I, alpha 1(COL1A1)/Collagen, type III, alpha 1(COL3A1)/MMP1/Superoxide dismutases/Catalase(CAT) mRNA expressions and Collagen, type I/MMP1 protein production. Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR showed that cycloheterophyllin increased mRNA level of COL1A1/COL3A1/CAT genes and collagen, type I protein by ELISA assay compared to UVA-treated dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore MMP1 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased by cycloheterophyllin treatment. These observations revealed that cycloheterophyllin increased anti-aging effects in dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, I identified the anti-aging effects of cycloheterophyllin, and these results showed that the cycloheterophyllin can be a considerable potent ingredient for skin anti-aging. Based on this, I anticipated further researches about cycloheterophyllin for mechanism to develop not only cosmetics but for healthcare food or medicine.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2018

Objectives : We compared the inhibitory effects of herb-combined remedies, which were recorded on "Yooam" prescription of Dongeuibogam, on cell migration and invasion, two critical cellular processes that are often deregulated during metastasis, in B16F10 melanoma cells. For this purpose, water extracts of Sipyukmiryukieum (SYMRKU), Danjacheongpitang (DJCPT), Cheongganhaeultang (CGHUT) and Jipaesan (JPS) were used. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by an MTT assay. Wound healing and matrigel transwell assays were used to examine on B16F10 cell migration and invasion. The levels of mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results : Our data showed that DJCPT showed the strongest inhibitory effect among the four prescriptions in inhibiting cell motility of B16F10 melanoma cells within the concentration range that was not cytotoxic. The inhibitory potential of colony formation was higher in DJCPT and SYMRKU compared to the other two types of prescriptions, and the inhibitory effect of invasiveness is shown in order of DJCPT, SYMRKU, CGHUT and JPS. DJCPT, and SYMRKU strongly inhibited the activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which are important mediators in cancer invasion, compared to CGHUT and JPS, and the increased expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was also more effective in these two prescriptions. In conclusion, DJCPT is expected to exhibit the most potent blocking effect on migration and invasion among four herb-combined remedies compared in B16F10 melanoma cells. Conclusion : Overall, the results of this study will be used as an important source to validate these prescriptions in animal models and to understand the mechanism of action of herbal remedies recorded in Dongeuibogam.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Objective: D-galactose (D-gal) is well-known agent to induce aging process. In the present study, we selected crocin, the main constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron), against D-gal- induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Pretreated cells with crocin ($25-500{\mu}M$, 24 h) were exposed to D-gal (25-400 mM, 48 h). The MTT assay was used for determination cell viability. Dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay (DCF-DA) and senescence associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase staining assay (SA-${\beta}$-gal) were used to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species and beta-galactosidase as an aging marker, respectively. Also advanced glycation end products (AGEs) expression which is known as the main mechanism of age-related diseases was measured by western blot analysis. Results: The findings of our study showed that treatment of cells with D-gal (25-400 mM) for 48h decreased cell viability concentration dependency. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which are known as main factors in age-related diseases increased from $100{\pm}8%$ in control group to $132{\pm}22%$ in D-gal (200 mM) treated cells for 48h. The cytotoxic effects of D-gal decreased with 24h crocin pretreatment of cells. The cell viability at concentrations of $100{\mu}M$, $200{\mu}M$ and $500{\mu}M$ increased and ROS production decreased at concentrations of 200 and $500{\mu}M$ to $111.5{\pm}6%$ and $108{\pm}5%$, respectively. Also lysosomal biomarker of aging and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) expression as an AGE protein, significantly increased in D-gal 200 mM group after 48h incubation compare to control group. Pre-treatment of SHSY-5Y cells with crocin ($500{\mu}M$) before adding D-gal significantly reduced aging marker and CML formation. Conclusion: Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with crocin before adding of D-gal restored aging effects of D-gal concentration dependency. These findings indicate that crocin has potent anti- aging effects through inhibition of AGEs and ROS production.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

Objectives : We selected three herb-combined remedies, Bigihwan (BGH), Daechilgitang (DCGT) and Mokwhyangbinranghwan (MHBRH), through Donguibogam text-mining analysis, and evaluated their anti-cancer effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by an MTT assay. Apoptosis rate, autophagy and ROS level were detected by flow cytometry. The autophagy was also observed by Cyto-ID staining fluorescence microscopy. The expression of autophagy, mitophagy and pexophagy regulatory proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. Results : BGH showed the strongest effect among the three prescriptions in inhibiting Hep3B cell viability, which was associated with the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy blockers improved cell viability and reduced apoptosis after BGH and DCGT treatments, indicating that autophagy by these prescriptions enhanced Hep3B cells against their cytotoxicity. However, MHBRH enhanced the reduction of cell viability and apoptosis by autophagy blockers. Induction of autophagy by BGH treatment was associated with mitophagy due to mitochondrial dysfunction than DCGT and MHBRH-treated cells. In addition, induction of apoptosis by BGH treatment was ROS-dependent and showed the possibility of pexophagy involvement. Conclusion : Although further studies need to be conducted to study the efficacy and mechanism of accurate anticancer activity, the present results will serve as important sources of understanding the mechanism of action of herbal remedies prescribed for liver disease as documented in Donguibogam.