• 암석학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.162-179
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• 2007

영남(소백산)육괴의 남서부인 지리산지역의 북서부에 선캠브리아 편마암 복합체를 트라이아스기(약 223 Ma)에 관입한 마천층상관입암은 크게 층상계열과 엽상계열의 두 그룹으로 구분되는 고철질-초고철질 암석들로 구성되어 있으며, 마그마혼합의 특성을 잘 보이는 암맥상의 고철질 암이 수반된다. 층상계열은 누적조직의 특성과 주구성 유색광물의 종류에 의해 중앙부의 감람석 반려암대(하부대)와 주변부의 각섬석 반려암대(중 내지 상부대피 두 부분으로 다시 세분된다. 중앙부의 감람석 반려암은 비교적 얇은 우흑질과 우백질의 층들이 규칙적으로 교호된 중립질 반려암질 암과 균질하고 두꺼운 층상구조를 이룬 조립질 반려암질 암들이 서로 협재되어 있으며, 주구성 암종은 우흑질 반려암, 트록토라이트, 우백질 트록토라이트, 사장암질암 등으로 감람석과 사장석이 주구성 광물이다. 엽상계열은 함석영 흑운모휘석 반려암과 보다 분화된 특성의 각섬석 섬록암으로 분류되며 간극상로 산출되는 소량의 석영과 미사장석을 포함하고 있다 주변의 선캠브리아 편마암류와의 접촉대에 냉각대가 발달되어 있어 심부에서 보다 분화된 동원성 마그마가 어느 정도 시간적인 간격을 갖고 좀 더 냉각된 환경에서 관입한 것으로 보인다. 층상계열에 발달된 층상구조는 감람석은 주로 정누적구조 내지 부가누적구조, 사장석은 부가누적 내지 간극누적구조를 보이며, 단사휘석과 각섬석은 간극누적 내지 이형부가누적조직을 이루고 있다. 층상암들에서 마그마작용동안 생성된 습곡구조, 점이층리, 사층리 등이 드물지 않게 산출된다. 마천층상관입암체에 발달된 층상구조와 엽상구조가 주로 중력침전과 제자리 결정작용에 의해 생성되었으며 슬럼핑과 밀도류 흐름작용도 상당한 역할을 하였을 것으로 해석된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-59
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• 1994

Many studies to cope with the present problems of Korean coastal and offshore fisheries has been performed, but these were done partly in necessities and general studies for Korean inshore and offshore fisheries are in early stage. Most of these studies adopted analytical way of approach for each fishery individually and they could not reflect the effect of correlated interaction among fisheries on the several common species/stocks, and thus optimal effort allocation was impossible. To consider general fisheries and optimal effort allocation among competing mixed species, a linear programming (LP) approach is applied in this study and introduced into 16 important inshore and offshore fisheries with 13 constraining species which were chosen by annual yield order. This study is not based on the biological interaction among species (i.e., prey - predator system) but the technological interaction between species and fishing efforts. For the application of LP model in these fisheries, the standardization of fishing efforts through different fishing gears could not be successful and a new way of effort standardization through CPUE for vessel tonnage was originated. Total standardized fishing effort on a particular species i, Ei, is computed as the linear summation of standardized fishing effort generated by each fishery j. That is, (equation omitted) where $f_{j}$ is the total vessel tonnage of fishery j and aij is the coefficients contributing to the standardized fishing effort per ton for species i taken in fishery j. The total fishing effort level on species i due to both directed fishing and by - catch can thus be accounted in the aij's. Optimal effort allocation among the j fisheries may be considered a minimizing problem (minimize $\Sigma$ $f_{j}$), subject to the constraints that standardized fishing effort levels on particular species are maintained at, above, and below certain predefined levels. Fishing effort goals for individual species can be based on various biological and/or economic criteria, i.e., fishing effort level generating maximum sustainable yield and/or maximum economic yield. But in this study the $F_{0.1}$ criteria which was accepted as an approximate level for $F_{mey}$ by Outland and Boerema's (1973) study. The findings of this study are, (1) LP model can be applied to the Korean inshore and offshore fisheries giobally. (2) Through a new way of combining multiple different fisheries' efforts for a particular species together generating standardized fishing effort, Schaefer curve could be applied to the complex system successfully. (3) The results of this study for total reduction scale were mostly the same as those of prior studies, but different much from the individual scales of reduction. This study showed the necessities for exploitation of more concrete parameters to put into consideration of profitability of fisheries and social factors, and this model can be modified according to the actual constraints. Also, considering the age structure of stocks, this model can be developed into better one for better fisheries management.ent.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.33.1-33.7
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• 2019

Background: The concept of the ideal morphology for the alveolar bone form is an important element to reconstruct or restore the in maximizing esthetic profile and functional alveolar bone restoration. The purpose of this preliminary study is to evaluate the normal alveolar bone structure to provide the standard reference and guide template for use in diagnosing for implant placement, determining the correct amount of bone augmentation in actual clinical practice and producing prostheses based on three-dimensional imaging assessment of alveolar bone. Methods: This study was included 11 men and 11 women (average age, 22.6 and 24.5 years, respectively) selected from among 127 patients. The horizontal widths of alveolar bone of maxilla and mandible were measured at the crestal, mid-root, and root apex level on MDCT (multi-detector computed tomography) images reconstructed by medical imaging software. In addition, tooth dimensions of the central incisors, canines, second premolars, and first molars of maxilla and mandible, including the horizontal width of the interdental alveolar bone crest, were also measured and statistically analyzed. Results: The horizontal alveolar bone width of the palatal side of maxilla showed a distinct increment from the alveolar bone crest to the apical region in both anterior and posterior areas. The average widths of the maxillary alveolar ridge were as follows: central incisor, 7.43 mm; canine, 8.91 mm; second premolar, 9.57 mm; and first molar, 12.38 mm. The average widths of the mandibular alveolar ridge were as follows: central incisor, 6.21 mm; canine, 8.55 mm; second premolar, 8.45 mm; and first molar, 10.02 mm. In the buccal side, the alveolar bone width was not increased from the crest to the apical region. The horizontal alveolar bone width of an apical and mandibular border region was thinner than at the mid-root level. Conclusions: The results of the preliminary study are useful as a clinical guideline when determining dental implant diameter and position. And also, these measurements can also be useful during the production of prefabricated membranes and customized alveolar bone scaffolds.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.499-515
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• 1998

두경부 자세 및 혀, 설골의 위치와 두개안면골격간의 연관성을 알아보기 위해, 원광대학교 치과대학 재학생 중 선천적 두경부 이상이나 결손치가 없고 과거 교정 치료나 보철치료의 경험이 없는 남자 50명과 여자 40명을 대상으로 natural head position(NHP)상태에서 두부방사선 사진을 채득하여 전통적인 두개내 참고선과 두개의 진성 참고선을 이용하여 계속한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 두경부 자세변수들에서는 남녀간 차이가 없었으나, 설골의 위치는 남자가 여자에 비해 더 전하방에 위치하였으며, 더 큰 전하방 경사도를 보였다. 2. 경추의 경사도가 클수록 NHP에서 안면돌출도는 작게 나타났으며, 경추의 전방만곡이 증가할수록 수직적인 안모형태를 보였다. 3. 두경부각이 작을수록 두개저에 대하여 설골이 전방에 위치하였으며, 두경부각과 설골의 수직적인 위치는 연관성을 보이지 않았다. 4. 하악골이 전돌될수록 설골은 전방에 위치하였으며, 두개안면형태와 설골의 수직적인 위치는 미약한 연관성을 나타냈다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.221-236
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• 1993

Economic conditions of Korean agriculture have been aggravated since farmers experienced the shortage of labor, instability of farm product price, lack of capital and pressure of opening domestic market. Nevertheless, agriculture must be maintained because structure of national economy can not be progressed without balanced growth of food industry. So the problem that we must solve is to keep agriculture competitive. In that case technology is important in terms of improving productivity, overcoming labor shortage and stabilizing price. This paper is to study the technology adoption on the farm level, focusing on the theories of technology adoption, their empirical test and effect of technology adoption on the farm household income. In this study five theories-independent model, linear model, middle class conservation model, modified middle class conservation model, basic needs and wealfare model- were introduced concerning differentiated technology adoption rate by farmers' class. Based on the survey of controlled strawberry farming in Nonsan County, Chungnam Province, who adopted six kinds of technology, modified middle class conservation model was found to explain five kinds of technology adoption pattern and linear model was useful to explain one kind of technology, that is, irrigation method, These results may mean that controlled strawbary cultivators of middle class were reluctant to accept new technology. There are many variables to effect on the technology accepting rate, that is, farmer's age, labor capacity, education level, cultivation career, size of total cultivated land, and size of strawberry farming land. LOGIT model was used to find which variable influence the technology adoption rate. Results of estimation showed that variables of cultivation career and total land size, of which coefficients were statistically significant at the 5 percent level, might be main influential factors in accepting more than three farming techniques. There was a significant income difference between farm households accepting new methods and those rejecting them. Especially in case of low class of farming group, income of farmers who was adopting new technology was examined to be much higher than that of farmers who did not adopt. This result suggests that new technology play an important role in increasing farm household income. Finally this study emphasized that there is a need to develop proper measure of technology transfer considering various socioeconomic conditions of farm households.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.40-61
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to promote the efficiency of the management of the controls organization in the university hospitals and general hospitals by evaluating the factors underlying organizational conflict. The subject population included 351 hospital workers randomly selected from two general hospitals of less than 200 beds and two university hospitals over 500 beds in Seoul area. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire. To define related factors for the level of conflict among departments in each hospitals multivariate regression analysis was conducted. Independent factors were characteristics of subjects, conflicting factors between the departments. The results are as follows: 1. Those in high job position group demonstrated significantly higher level of conflict between departments. Those working in the general hospitals, who were older and had long-term tenure at current working hospital had higher level of conflict between the departments. 2. Concerning the involvement of conflicting factors and the level of conflict in the employees' there was statistically significant positive correlation between reliability and job-related and intradepartmental level of conflict in university hospitals. There was a significant positive correlation between interdepartmental conflicting factors of mutual dependence, difference in goal/orientation and interdepartmental level of conflict. 3. In the university hospitals, among the interdepartmental factors, mutual dependence and difference in goal/orientation had statistically significant influence and showed a positive relationship with interdepartmental level of conflict. In the general hospitals, job position was a significant factor which showed that those in high position such as section chief or above, compared to those in general position had higher level of conflict. Among the interdepartmental characteristics, factors of mutual dependence and goal/orientation had statistically significant influence and showed a positive relationship with interdepartmental level of conflict. In the general hospitals setting efforts to reduce conflict in areas among workers with high position, old age, and long tenure and those in medical care department should be made and prudent management and planning for improved manpower and increased budget or efficient allocation and clear definition of job description are necessary to adequately assess. In the university hospitals setting efforts to reexaminitation of the organizational structure and efficiency conveyance of information and efforts to resolve conflict among young workers with lower level of education is need. This study has its own merit in comparing empirically the conflict among hospital workers in the university hospitals and general hospitals. Future study are needed with respect to the relationship between interdepartmental level of conflict and the effectiveness of the hospital organization for improved resolution of conflict in the organization and hospital management.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2019

기존의 대지저항률과 접지저항 현장 측정 방식은 일정한 간격의 측정전극을 설치하여 전류를 인가하여 대지의 저항값에 따른 전압강하를 측정하게 되는데 현장 대지의 층상 구조가 특이성을 갖게 되면 역산 시 경계 조건의 오차를 발생하게 되고 접지 설계 시 중요한 대지저항률 분석이 시뮬레이션 상과 많은 차이를 보이게 된다. 본 연구는 정보통신 융합환경에서 아두이노 모듈과 스마트 접지 측정 기술를 활용하여 대지의 층상이 특이성을 갖는 구조라도 신뢰할 수 있는 스마트 대지 저항 측정장치를 개발하여 대지저항을 분석하고 데이터를 축적하여 대지의 경년변화를 예측한다. 현장의 지형적인 특성을 고려하여 접지저항과 대지저항 측정 시 각도와 거리를 정확하게 위치시켜 보조전극을 설치할 수 있는 접지저항 측정장치 및 측정방법을 제안한다. 정확한 접지저항 값을 선정할 수 있게 하기 위해 설치된 전극을 통해 접지저항 값뿐만 아니라, 대지저항률을 취득할 수 있어 유사지역에 전기시설물 설치 시에 유용한 자료로 활용할 수 있다. 또한 신뢰성 높은 데이터를 활용하고 현장의 대지구조를 분석하여 공사비용 뿐 아니라 접지설계에서 중요한 비중을 차지하는 대지에 대한 정밀한 분석으로 전위상승 등의 접지설비설계에서 많은 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.5-20
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• 2006

Purpose: This study examines the degree of empowerment recognized by the 1st paramedics and the trend of their critical thinking, analyzes correlations between empowerment and critical thinking to reveal whether there is statistically significant difference between them and then is to provide basic materials necessary for research on empowerment and critical thinking. Method: This study distributes 105 structured self-report questionnaires to the 1st emergency medical technicians working at fire fighting police boxes, general hospitals, clinics and emergency medical information centers in G Metropolitan City and J province from April 29 to May 28, 2006, collects their responses directly and analyzes results with t-test, F-test(ANOVA) and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. Result: 1. First, average score of empowerment of subjects was 4.68 out of 6 and according to scores by area, capacity 5.98 was highest, followed by significance 5.41, self- determination 4.44 and effectiveness 3.79. 2. degree of empowerment according to general characteristics of subjects showed statistically significant differences in final education(F=2.714, p= .049), level of salary (F=3.298, p= .014) and satisfaction of current job (F=5.399, p= .001). 3. average score of critical thinking of subjects was 3.28 out of 7 and according to areas, no bias 3.95 was highest, followed by maturity 3.68, structure 3.35, inquisitiveness 3.11, pursuit of truth 3.07, critical thinking and self-confidence 3.00, analyticity 2.98. 4. degree of critical thinking by general characteristics of subjects showed statistically significant differences in age(F=2.577, p= .041), final education (F=7.877, p= .000), current workplace (F=3.513, p= .018), level of salary(F=4.628, p= .002), satisfaction with current job(F=6.879, p= .000) and intention to transfer current job(t=15.21, p=.000). 5. as a result of correlations between empowerment and critical thinking of subjects, Pearson correlation coefficients between whole empowerment and critical thinking were r= .21, p=.013. Conclusion: It is considered that the 1st paramedic managers must seek how to keep and manage empowerment and development of education and training program which can enhance critical thinking is needed. Further, emergency educators must develop educational program based on the concept of empowerment to establish early awareness of a desirable organization culture and increase understanding of empowerment in the process of education.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

본 연구는 전담간호사의 운영현황 및 업무 실태를 전수조사 하여 전담간호사 관련 정책 수립의 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 시도되었다. 총 318개의 종합병원 이상의 의료기관 부서장에게 설문조사를 시행했고, 141개 병원에서 근무하는 704명의 전담간호사를 대상으로 2011년 4월부터 5월에 자료수집이 시행되었으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0 program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 전담간호사의 평균연령은 32.5세이며, 교육수준은 대졸이 가장 많았고, 전문간호사 자격증 보유자는 13.4%이었고, 전담간호사의 전반적인 업무 만족도는 5점 만점에 평균 3.13점이었으며, 불명확한 업무 구분이 전담간호사를 가장 힘들게 하는 요인으로 나타났다. 전담간호사 역할정립을 위해 업무에 대한 법적 보호 장치 마련(5점 만점에 평균 4.71)이 가장 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 현재 전담간호사 실태는 열악한 근무환경으로 인한 낮은 만족도, 부적합한 자격과 업무에 대한 법적 보호장치가 마련되어 있지 않은 속에서 어려움을 겪고 있다. 향후 전담간호사의 활용도를 향상시키기 위해 전담간호사를 법적으로 보호할 수 있는 장치를 마련하고, 교육 프로그램을 개설하며, 한국 실정에 맞는 전담간호사 제도 확립이 절실하다고 할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.76-90
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• 1999

자폐적인 아동은 사회적 발달의 기초인 모-아 애착에서부터 왜곡되어 있고 특히 일치적 애착 행동들이 저하되어 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이를 개선하기 위해서는 일치적 행동들의 정상적 발달양상과 관련 요소를 파악하는 것이 선행되어야 하겠기에 자폐군과 정상군 총 20쌍의 모-아 놀이를 비교분석하였다. 그 결과 자폐군의 일치적 행동들은 정상군에 비해 저하되어 있고 발달 경과도 느렸으며 특히 16개월 이상부터는 현저한 차이를 보였다. 일치성과 상관이 있는 어머니의 양육행위는 애정적 표현을 하고 적절한 행동 멈춤을 보이며 아동의 행동을 기다려주는 것이었다. 모-아 상호집중의 저해요소는 지시적이고 간섭하고 학습중심적인 어머니의 놀이 행위와 아동의 무관심, 무반응, 과제수행의 실패 등이었다. 그러나 아동의 수준을 고려해 적당히 자극적인 접근을 하였을 때 상호집중이 유발되고 지속되는 것을 볼 수 있었다.