• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2009

This study examines the changes of income, everyday life and living condition of consumer in the aftermath of financial crisis. In this period financial crisis was the crucial factor behind various social problems such as the dissolution of families and individuals. This research explores the range and degree of impact on individuals and social groups after the financial crisis. We explore the social mobility in terns of maintaining middle class and falling into the lower class measured by middle class identification. The 60% of the middle class before the financial crisis maintained the middle class position and the rest of people left out of middle class and fell into lower class. The 60% of those who has been maintained and has just became the members of middle class were college - educated people. The great part of people whose income and assets has increased after financial crisis belongs to college - educated group. Many of those whose income have decreased belong to the high school educated group and blow, the older than 50 years old, self - employed without employee and unpaid family employee. Those whose income and assets decreased and those who experienced downward mobility have undergone changes in everyday life and living conditions as a consumer. Many of them experienced the unemployment, nonpayment or credit - delinquency, dissolution of family, worsening health condition, depression, feeling the impulse to commit suicide simultaneously. The poor consumer disposition, reduction of living expenses, sound consumer culture have expanded to people since economic crisis. The middle class reported that the cost of private education often goes beyond the family ability to pay. The lower class has suffered from the cost of living. In a meanwhile luxury goods preference, consumer consciousness for status symbol have continuously increased among all the classes since 1997. Thus fluctuations of one's income and social mobility during past 10 years were some of the major determinants which brought about the various damaging life events, changes of living conditions and everyday lives as a consumer.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.23
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• pp.63-103
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• 2011

This paper inquires closely into the background of pansori gosu(drummer) and his social position based on documents and oral materials and the performance features of gosu in the entire process of pansori performance, 'preparation', 'performance' and 'aftermath', focused on the relationship between the changja(singer)-gosu. In the past, some gosus were ex-tightrope performers. Their social position and working conditions were better than that of the ex-tightrope performers but were worse than that of the pansori singer. After 1910's, people formed some special sense about the gosu due to the change of the space for pansori performances and the technological advances on the media, and gosu's conditions improved. The theory of pansori drum gradually began to be established well. The function and the role of gosu in the whole process of pansori performance may be summarized as follows. To begin with, the training with various and a lot of singers is required in the 'preparation'. Rehearsals are divided into individual practices and joint practices, and the latter can be controlled by the level of the capacity of gosu and the degree of the experience between chanja-gosu. Next, bobiwi(flattering drumming) and chuimsae(encouraging remarks) are important in tbe 'process'. The gosu has to share the speed of one jangdan(rhythmic patterns) and the accent of the sori and adjust his enery. Besides, he has to acknowledge the naedeureum(beginning sign) and reply with changja's singing. In formal performances, working in harmony with changja and gosu and their joint experiences are necessary for the gosu; in pansori contests, giving chanja a stability; in contests for gosu, drumming skill, position, chuimsae; in small performances and new adaptation of pansori, cheap fees and positive response of the transformational play or ad-lib; in lecturer concerts, reacting quickly to rapidly changing situations. Chuimsae is way which gosus and audiences express their feeling together, however, its context and sound are different. Finally, 'aftermath' is a process the pair of chamgja and gosu mutually evaluates about performance or audiences estimate that.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.223-265
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• 2002

In United States black mothers have consistently been treated as national outsiders, as women whose children, although ostensibly entitled to full citizenship, are in practice rarely provided with equal protection within the nation′s borders or under its laws. From the time he began writing in the aftermath of the failures of national Reconstruction, the African American public intellectual and political activist W. E. B. Du Bois realized that a truly effective anti-racist politics would also have to contend with the particular ways in which U.S. racism targeted black mothers. In short, he understood that an effective anti-racism would necessarily have to be a form of anti-sexism. This article examines the myriad ways in which Du Bois attempted to reconstruct the relationship between race and reproduction in the interest of producing anti-racist, anti-nationalist, as well as internationalist thinking. In so doing it treats the various representations of black maternity and child birth that Du Bois created, and elaborates on the rhetorical and political function of these representations in combating the racialization of national belonging on the one hand, and in articulating universal black citizenship, or what this article theorizes as racial globality on the other. The article begins by considering Du Bois′s attempts to transcend ideas about the racialized reproductive body as a source of national belonging within the United States, particularly his efforts to contest the idea of the reconstructing nation as a white nation reproduced exclusively by white women. Through analysis of Du Bois′s depiction of the birth and death of his son in his monumental work The Souls of Black Folk (1903) it demonstrates his reluctance to build an anti-racist politics founded on the idea that belonging within the nation is something that can be bestowed by one′s mother. The article proceeds by turning to Du Bois less well-known romantic novel, Dark Princess (1928) in which, by contrast, he depicts the birth of a "golden chi1d" who belongs not only within the United States, but within the world. This child, the son of an African American man and an Indian Princess, is cast as a messenger and messiah of a utopian alliance between pan-Asia and pan-Africa. In exploring the relationship between these two reproductive portraits, the article moves from a discussion of Du Bois′s critique of the ideological construction of the U.S. as a white nation reproduced by white progenitors, to an examination the literary figuration of a b1aek mother out of whose womb a black diasporic anti-imperialist alliance springs. In contrast to previous scholarship, which has tended to focus on the critique of U.S. racial nationalism that Du Bois expressed in his early work, or on the internationalism that he later embraced, this article pays close attention to how Du Bois′s anti-nationalist and internationalist politics together subtended by subtle, but constitutive, sexual politics.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.283-288
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• 2012

3D is the one of the current world in the spotlight as part of the future earnings of the business sector. Existing flat 2D and stereoscopic 3D to change the 3D shape and texture make walking along the dimension of the real world and the virtual reality world by making it feel contemporary reality of coexistence good show. 3D for the interest of the people has been spreading throughout the movie which is based on a 3D Avata. 3D TV market of the current conglomerate of changes in the market pioneer in the 3D market, further leap into the era of the upgrade was. At the same time, however, the modern man of the world, if becoming a necessity in the smartphone craze new innovation in the IT market mobile phone market and also has made. A small computer called a smartphone enough, the ripple velocity and the aftermath of the innovation of the telephone, the Internet as much as to leave many issues. Smartphone smart phone is a mobile phone that can be several functions. The current iPhone, Android. In addition to a large number of Windows Phone smartphones are released. Above the overall prospects of the future and a business service model for 3D facial expression as input avatar virtual 3D character on camera on your smartphone camera to recognize a user's emotional expressions on the face of the person is able to synthetic synthesized avatars in real-time to other mobile phone users matching, transmission, and be able to communicate in real-time sensibility fused video communication services to the development of applications.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.437-444
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• 2017

Electric Pole is a supporting beam used for power transmission/distribution which is sensitive to external force change of environmental factors. Therefore, power facilities have many difficulties in terms of maintenance/conservation from external environmental changes and natural disasters that cause a great economic impact. The aerial wire cause elasticity due to the influence of temperature, or factors such as wind speed and wind direction, that weakens the electric pole. The situation may lead to many safety risk in day-to-day life. But, the safety assessment of the pole is carried out at the design stage, and aftermath is not considered. For the safety and maintenance purposes, it is very important to analyze the influence of weather factors on external forces periodically. In this paper, we analyze the acceleration data of the sensor nodes installed in electric pole for maintenance/safety purpose and use Kalman filter as noise compensation method. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed to analyze the influence of each meteorological factor, along with the meteorological factors on frequency components. The result of the analysis shows that the temperature, humidity, solar radiation, hour of daylight, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed were influential factors. In this paper, the influences of meteorological factors on frequency components are different, and it is thought that it can be an important factor in achieving the purpose of safety and maintenance.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-145
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• 2003

Quasi-fiscal activities (QFAs) refer to those activities that public corporations carry out to achieve policy objectives of the government. QFAs often lead to the understatement of the government involvement in the economy and the overstatement of its financial balance, thereby lowering fiscal transparency and hiding fiscal risks. Central banks, as public corporations, perform various QFAs in many countries. I define QFAs in this case as those activities that are not directly related to the intrinsic function of central banks, whose responsibility lies in the administration of monetary policy and the provision of banking services for the government and commercial banks. In Korea, the Bank of Korea (BOK) has been an active source of QFAs. Of particular importance are the policy loans to commercial banks to promote their lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises and others. The outstanding stock of policy loans increased rapidly in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis, and stood at 7.6 trillion won (20 percent of the reserve money) at the end of 2002. Another important QFA by BOK stems from the transfer of part of its profits to the central government. The accumulated transfer during 1998-2002 amounted to 9.9 trillion won. My calculation shows that if these and other QFAs had been carried out by the government as explicit fiscal activities, the consolidated central government financial balance would have been below the actual balance by about 0.5 percent of GDP in each year since the economic crisis. It is suggested that the QFAs by BOK be reduced in coming years not only to enhance fiscal transparency but also to expand the flexibility of BOK's reserve management. Abolishing policy loans and minimizing transfers to the government would be the first step in this direction. BOK should also consider paying interest on the government deposit held in BOK.

• Strategy21
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• s.34
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• pp.93-127
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• 2014

During the four years following the sinking of the Cheonan frigate in 2010, the South Korean public opinion has seen changes in four basic ways. First, public polls with respect to the cause of the sinking show that 70% of the people consider North Korea as the culprit, while 20% maintain that it was not an act carried out by North Korea. Second, the opinions relative to the cause of the incident seem to vary according to age difference, generational difference, and educational difference. From 2011, people in their 20s showed 10% increase in regarding North Korea as the responsible party. People in their 30s and 40s still have a tendency not to believe the result of the investigation carried out by the combined military and civilian group. Third, the most prominent issue that arose aftermath of the Cheonan incident is the fact that political inclination and policy preference are influencing the scientific determination of the cause. In other words, scientific and logical approach is lacking in the process of determining the factual basis for the cause. This process is compromised by the inability of the parties concerned in sorting out what is objective and what is personal opinion. This confused state of affairs makes it difficult to carry on a healthy, productive debate. Fourth, rumors, propaganda, and disinformation generated by pro-North Korea Labor Party groups in the internet and SNS are causing considerable impact in forming the public opinion. Proposed Strategy 1. The administration can ascertain public trust by accurately determining the nature of the provocation based on accurate information in the early stages of the incident. 2. Education in scientific, logical, rational methodologyis needed at home, school, and workplace in order toenhance the people's ability to seek factual truths. 3. In secondary education, the values of freedom, human rights, democracy, and market economy must be reinforced. 4. It is necessary for the educational system to teach the facts of North Korea just as they are. 5. Fundamental strength of free democratic system must be reinforced. The conservative, mainstream powers must recognize the importance of self-sacrifice and societal duties. The progressive political parties must sever themselves from those groups that take instructions from North Korea's Labor Party. The progressives must pursue values that are based on fundamental human rights for all. 6. Korean unification led by South Korea is the genuine means to achieve peace in a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. The administration must recognize that this unification initiative is the beginning of the common peace and prosperity in the Far East Asia, and must actively pursue international cooperation in this regard.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to extract and analyze the sediment environment change information in the Sachencheon, Gangneung, Korea that was seriously damaged as a result of typhoon Rusa aftermath early in September, 2002 using multi-temporal remote sensing data. For the extraction of change information, an unsupervised approach based on the automatic determination of thresholding values was applied. As the change detection results, turbidity changes right after typhoon Rusa, the decrease of wetlands, the increase of dry sand and channel width and changes of relative level in the stream due to seasonal variation were observed. Sedimentation in the cultivated areas and restoration works also affected the change near the Sacheoncheon. In addition to the change detection analysis, several environmental thematic maps including microtopographic map, distributions of estimated amount of flood deposits and flood hazard landform classification map were generated by using remote sensing and field survey data. In conclusion, multi-temporal remote sensing data can be effectively used for natural hazard analysis and damage information extraction and specific data processing techniques for high-resolution remote sensing data should also be developed.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

Current re-arrangement of rivers and waterways have been made uniformly ignoring characteristics of individual rivers thereby aggravating artificial river restructuring. On the contrary, quantitative techniques to evaluate the aftermath of artificial river disturbance such as uprising of river bed, intrusion of foreign fisheries, and changes of ecological habitats are not available. To establish such quantitative techniques, analysis of the river changes to evaluate the major causes of the river disturbance and its impacts is essential. Therefore, research for proposing a method which can be applied for the development of techniques to investigate river disturbance according to the major factors for the domestic rivers using airphotos and GIS techniques was preceded. In this study, the study area on the downstream of the river was selected and analysis of river disturbance using preceding method was done to confirm the benefit of analyzing river disturbance using GIS techniques. Trend analysis of the waterway sinuosity and changes of the flow path leaded to detailed verification of the river disturbance for specific location or time period, and this enabled to generate relatively accurate numbers representing sinuosity of the waterway and relevant changes. Also, it is possible to predict the effect on the current re-arrangement of the river and waterway to river flow using the analysis of past river change. It is necessary to establish GIS based proper measures for environmental river restoration using the results from this study and future works.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.159-183
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• 2012

Promoted in places like Korea, the central government and the local governments that can provide information on which to base investment policy to attract foreign direct mutation-specific gravity model (Shift-Share Model) In this study, the decrease of foreign direct investment performance using factors looked up in the industry. The sample period of 2009, 2010, 2011 nationwide (metropolitan and non-metropolitan separated) of foreign direct investment performance for Industry Standard Industrial Classification (Division) was conducted. Factors to look at the results of the National Growth Effect(NS), the industrial structure effect (IM), local allocation effect(RS) to decrease foreign direct investment in 2010 and 2011 non-metropolitan, metropolitan national growth effect(RS) is negative(-) has a value. Because it appears to be the aftermath of the global recession, the impact on the domestic economy Metropolitan area and the Industrial Mix Effect(IM) to the development of education, culture, business, and transportation, etc. in the development of service industries than in non-metropolitan valid environment. In the sector of services (food accommodation, business services, entertainment), We did it, was able to find the function. However, the Regional Share Effect(RS) be competitive in the manufacturing sector in metropolitan areas in the metal and chemical sectors have been identified. These results seems to enhance the competitiveness of the region, such as the metropolitan area's excellent workforce. Shift-Share analysis technique based on competitive factors of the region, to find the failure has limitations.