• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

Purpose: The South African government is determined in alleviating poverty while encouraging job creation and protecting the disposable incomes of poor households. This article looks at the challenges that are facing the South African Social Security system and argues that the provision of income security is amongst the most practical expressions of a nation's cohesion and values. Research Design, Data and Methodology: There are seven proposals in the Social Security and Retirement Reform and these proposals are based on the following two principal objectives of the government, that is, to ensure a basic standard of living and to prevent destitution in old age or in circumstances of unemployment or incapacity partly or wholly through redistributive measures, and to encourage savings to provide for the replacement of income on retirement, disablement or death through long-term insurance arrangements. Results: This article evaluates these seven proposals, state old age pension, wage subsidy, mandatory participation in a national social security system for all, mandatory participation in private occupational or individual retirement funds, Voluntary additional contributions to occupational or individual retirement funds, reform of the governance and regulation of the retirement funding industry and reform of the tax system. Conclusion: This article concludes that the population size of South Africa has increased significantly to 51, 8 million in 2011 and therefore the time is right for bold new steps in improving income security of the poor and strengthening the fabric of social solidarity that binds all South Africans together.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

We investigated the gonadosomatic index (GSI), germ cell development, reproductive cycle of the Afriean lungfish Protorierus annecteus (Owen) by histological observations and morphometric data. Samples were collected from the river Orie and its flood of Nigeria, from January to December 2000. The fish is dioecious and oviparous. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed a similar pattern to change in the mean oocyte diameter and the reproductive cycle. The reproductive period occurred from March to July-August; the spawning period was once a year between truly and August, and the main spawning occurred in August when active and voracious feeding occurred during the rainy season. In the resting (dormant) stage after spawning, fish stopped feeding and aestivated during the dry season from December to February. The reproductive cycle of the species can be divided into five successive stages, quiescent stage (March to April), developing/maturing stage (April to lune), ripe/spawning stage (July to August), post-spawning stage (September to November), and resting (dormant) stage (December to February).

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 4th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management Organized by the University of New South Wales
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• pp.453-458
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• 2011

The construction industry's importance to nation building, economic empowerment, and contributions to global commerce cannot be over emphasised. However, poor productivity, accidents, rework, time and cost overruns, and client dissatisfaction have characterised the industry performance in a multi-dimensional way. The central issue in this particular research is the seemingly inadequate achievement of optimum performance in the construction process, either with respect to value for money for the client and the entire construction supply chain or value in terms of the utility derived from built assets in spite of efforts by government and governmental bodies such as the Construction Industry Development Board (cidb) to increase industry performance. Therefore, based upon an extensive review of related literature, the paper reports on effects and causes of non-value adding activities in the construction industry in general, and South African construction in particular. The research findings indicate that activities that can be referred to as non-value activities are not only prevalent, but they can also be held responsible for performance related issues in terms of cost, time, quality and health and safety (H&S) in construction; and the exploration of pluralism in the research methodology may result in a robust model based upon the system dynamics approach. Therefore, the study suggests that there is major scope for value optimisation in the construction process especially in terms of availability and implementation of interventions, which have not only proven successful in other industries, but are also adaptable in the construction industry context.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

Purpose - The study investigates the obstacles faced by small business owners (SBOs) in accessing finance in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The study aims to identify the causes of inaccessibility to finance for SBOs, investigate the role of government agencies in supporting SBOs, assess the extent to which banks support SMMEs, and suggest solutions to ease the challenge of inaccessibility of finance. Research design, data, methodology -We used a triangulation research design, wherein SMME owners and managers in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality were the target population. We used simple random sampling techniques to select respondents, and conducted in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data. Results - We analyzed quantitative data using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and factor analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study identifies and discusses the obstacles in accessing finance; the main among which are the lack of collateral security, poor business plans, lack of knowledge, and lack of financial deposit. Conclusions -We urge the banks, government, and government agencies to support the SMME sector, for it remains the economic engine of many African countries and helps in reducing the impact of socio-economic challenges, like unemployment and poverty.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-72
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• 2017

이 연구의 목적은 원조 범람이 수원국의 정부지출에 미친 영향을 패널데이터를 이용해 실증 분석하고, 이를 통해 향후 공적개발원조 사업의 운영 방향에 대한 함의를 얻는 데 있다. 이 연구에서는 아프리카 사하라 사막 이남 지역 국가들의 보건 부문에 대한 원조범람지수를 산정하고, 원조범람이 보건 부문에 대한 정부지출에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 실증분석하였다. 이 연구에서 수행한 실증분석 결과, 원조범람은 보건 부문에 대한 정부지출 수준을 유의미하게 감소시키는 효과를 발생시키는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 이와 같은 현상이 발생한 것은 신규 사업을 추구하는 공적개발원조 사업의 특징(공여국의 니즈)과 가능하면 더 많은 공적개발원조 자금을 수혜하고자 하는 수원국 정부 간 상호 이익추구에 따른 것으로 추론된다. 분석결과를 토대로, 이 연구에서는 경쟁적이고 과도한 공적개발원조 사업지원이 수원국 정부의 예산운영 과정에 대한 왜곡을 유도해 결과적으로 공적개발원조 사업의 비효율을 초래하므로, 사업지원 과정에서 수원국의 정책 능력에 관한 종합적인 고려가 필요하며, 개발원조위원회(Development Assistance Committee)의 종합조정 기능의 강화가 필요함을 제안하였다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1-36
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• 2021

Purpose - This empirical study, aims to identify the determinants of adoption and acceptance of mobile payment as to understand why it is successful in some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa but failing in others. A comparative study of a successful mobile payment service and a purported failed one was done as to have some insights to the factors affecting acceptance of the technology. Design/methodology/approach - The strength of three notable theories: theory of diffusion of innovation (DOI), the extended unified theory of user acceptance of information technology (UTAUT2) and self-efficacy theory were use. The self-efficacy of government support inclusion as, a moderating variable in the form of infrastructure, securing transaction and price value revealed the relevance of government in the success of mobile payment service. By means of a field survey of 705 subjects in two separate regions of Africa (East and West), the data was collected and use to test the research model. Findings - The study result shows the importance of the moderating factor of government support to the success of mobile payment of any nation. The result also shows the importance of the perception of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, social influence as already revealed by other studies. Research implications or Originality - Mobile payment success in some part of Sub-Saharan Africa is well known but also suggested to fail in some Sub-Saharan African countries. Buttressing the need for understanding of the factors affecting mobile payment acceptance. This article empirically examined the factors influencing the success of mobile payment, and we implicated that if the implementation of mobile payment is to be successful for mobile commerce in any nation, adoption, acceptance and use by its citizen is imperative.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2014

Background: This study aims to analyze West African pregnancy experienced women's self-rated health and related factors in Democratic Republic (DR) of the Congo, and provide basic data which can be used in developing maternal and child heath projects and health promotion programs to enhance women's self-rated health in the DR Congo. Methods: A survey was conducted among 400 women, 300 of whom were from Kenge and 100 from Boko in Bandundu Province. Three hundred and fifty-two questionnaires were administered on factors expected to affect the self-rated health, categorized into basic information and economic status of respondents, healthcare service, and illness patterns. The hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed taking each variable into account. Results: The results show that those who have had nutrition education, work in the office, have no health insurance, or have had no illness for the last one year perceive themselves to be in good health. Conclusion: To improve the self-rated health status and promote maternal and child health in DR Congo, the results suggest that the government or relevant agencies should develop programs to educate people regarding health and nutrition, and policies based on the right status of each country. Systems are also required for healthcare at all social levels along with aspects to avoid illness in daily life.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.603-621
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• 2017

The current review focuses on characterization and conservation efforts vital for the development of breeding programmes for indigenous beef cattle genetic resources in Southern Africa. Indigenous African cattle breeds were identified and characterized using information from refereed journals, conference papers and research reports. Results of this current review reviewed that smallholder beef cattle production in Southern Africa is extensive and dominated by indigenous beef cattle strains adaptable to the local environment. The breeds include Nguni, Mashona, Tuli, Malawi Zebu, Bovino de Tete, Angoni, Landim, Barotse, Twsana and Ankole. These breeds have important functions ranging from provision of food and income to socio-economic, cultural and ecological roles. They also have adaptive traits ranging from drought tolerant, resistance to ticks and tick borne diseases, heat tolerance and resistance to trypanosomosis. Stakeholders in the conservation of beef cattle were also identified and they included farmers, national government, research institutes and universities as well as breeding companies and societies in Southern Africa. Research efforts made to evaluate threats and opportunities of indigenous beef cattle production systems, assess the contribution of indigenous cattle to household food security and income, genetically and phenotypically characterize and conserve indigenous breeds, and develop breeding programs for smallholder beef production are highlighted. Although smallholder beef cattle production in the smallholder farming systems contributes substantially to household food security and income, their productivity is hindered by several constraints that include high prevalence of diseases and parasites, limited feed availability and poor marketing. The majority of the African cattle populations remain largely uncharacterized although most of the indigenous cattle breeds have been identified.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

역사적으로 국제연합(United Nations)은 해방 이후 대한민국 정부수립을 지원해 주었고, 한국전쟁시 평화유지군을 파병하여 자유민주주의와 평화를 수호하는데 결정적인 역할을 하였다. 유엔의 정치적·군사적 지원을 바탕으로 대한민국은 오늘날 세계 10위의 경제대국으로 성장할 수 있었으며, 이제는 중견국으로서 국제사회의 평화와 번영에 기여하기 위해 책임과 역할을 다해야 할 시점이 되었다. 유엔의 국제평화활동은 분쟁의 예방과 평화조성, 평화강제, 평화유지, 평화건설을 아우르는 포괄적 개념으로 유엔헌장(UN Charter)에 근거하여 안전보장이사회 결의안에 따라 시행된다. 탈냉전 이후 국제 안보환경과 분쟁요인의 변화에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 유엔은 2000년 브라히미 보고서와 2015년 유엔평화활동에 관한 고위급 패널보고서를 통해 국제평화활동의 패러다임 전환을 추진했다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 아직까지 재건지원과 인도적 지원 등 제한적 수준에서 참여하고 있는 한국군의 국제평화활동을 평가하고 향후 중견국으로서 보다 적극적인 참여를 위한 발전방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 유엔 평화유지임무단이 다수 주둔하고 있는 아프리카 대륙을 중심으로 지역분쟁의 역사와 특수성, 탈냉전 이후 변화된 갈등요인, 유엔 평화활동의 새로운 패러다임을 고찰하였고, 향후 한국군이 지향해야 할 국제평화활동 발전방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.470-479
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• 2020

Objectives: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the death of 740,000 people around the world as of August 12, 2020. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Avian Influenza, and African Swine Fever are serious livestock diseases. Government agencies in Korea have provided ingredient information and usage instructions for disinfectants used to counter those infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the chemical ingredients in disinfectant products used against COVID-19 and certain livestock diseases. Methods: We collected information from the Korean government. The Central Disaster Management Headquarters and Central Disease Control Headquarters provided information on disinfectant products used against COVID-19. The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea provided information on efficacy-certified disinfectant products for use against selected livestock diseases. Health hazard and environmental hazard information on the ingredients in the disinfectants was collected from the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency's Material Safety Data Sheets, and toxicity value information was collected from United States Environmental Protection Agency's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. Results: There were 76 COVID-19 disinfectant products in use, and the most common ingredients were benzalkonium chloride (51%), alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium (30%), and ethanol (3%). There were 216 livestock disease disinfectant products comprised of 89 acidic, 88 oxidic, 30 aldehydic, three alkaline, and six other products. Among the 49 active ingredients used in the disinfectants that were investigated, health and environmental hazard information was provided for many of them, but only 20 chemicals had official toxicological information. Conclusion: Since the disinfectants included numerous chemicals, an understanding of their chemical characteristics could be critical to prevent unintended human or environmental exposure.