• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.349-359
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• 2016

공용 중인 교량의 버페팅 응답을 해석적으로 평가하기 위해서는 교량 현장의 난류강도, 난류 스펙트럼, 조도계수, 거스트 계수 등 풍하중에 대한 분석이 우선되어야 하고, 해석 결과는 정적 공기력 계수, 플러터계수, 구조 감쇠비, 공기역학적 감쇠비, 고유 진동수 등 여러 변수에 의해 영향을 받는다. 본 논문에서 대상으로 한 교량은 32년째 공용 중에 있는 교량으로써 교량 주변의 지형조건은 설계 및 시공 당시에 비해 많은 변화가 발생하였으며 최근 기후 변화로 인한 풍 환경 역시 큰 변화가 있다. 이러한 이유로 대상교량에서 실측한 풍속 데이터를 분석하여 난류강도, 난류길이, 지표조도계수, 풍속 스펙트럼 등 교량 현장의 풍하중을 평가하였다. 교량 주변의 풍환경 평가 결과, 대상 교량은 해상교량임에도 불구하고 지표조도구분 II의 특성을 나타내고 있었다. 또한 실측한 구조물의 가속도, 변위 응답 데이터를 통해 대상교량의 감쇠비, 정적 공기력 계수, 고유진동수를 평가하여 계측기반 버페팅 해석 변수를 산정하였다. 계측데이터 기반의 해석 변수와 케이블강교량설계지침에 제시된 해석 변수를 적용하여 총 4가지 경우에 대한 버페팅 해석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 10분 평균 풍속 25m/s이하에서 측정된 버페팅 응답과 계측 기반 해석 변수를 적용한 해석 응답이 가장 잘 일치함을 확인하였고, 계측 풍속과 Gumbel 확률분포를 이용하여 추정한 200년 재현기대 풍속인 45m/s에서의 버페팅 응답을 제시하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.257-273
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• 2008

A number of passive aerodynamic drag reduction methods were applied separately and then in different combinations on an intercity bus model, through wind tunnel studies on a 1:20 scale model of a Mercedes Benz Tourismo 15 RHD intercity bus. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling was also conducted in parallel to assist with flow visualisation. The commercial CFD package $CFX^{TM}$ was used. It has been found that dramatic reductions in coefficient of drag ($C_D$) of up to 70% can be achieved on the model using tapered and rounded top and side leading edges, and a truncated rear boat-tail. The curved front section allows the airflow to adhere to the bus surfaces for the full length of the vehicle, while the boat-tails reduce the size of the low pressure region at the base of the bus and more importantly, additional pressure recovery occurs and the base pressures rise, reducing drag. It is found that the CFD results show remarkable agreement with experimental results, both in the magnitude of the force coefficients as well as in their trends. An analysis shows that such a reduction in aerodynamic drag could lead to a significant 28% reduction in fuel consumption for a typical bus on intercity or interstate operation. This could translate to a massive dollar savings as well as significant emissions reductions across a fleet. On road tests are recommended.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.651-677
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• 2017

For the past ten years' efforts have been made to introduce environmentally-friendly "green" electric-taxi and maneuvering airplane systems. The stated purpose of e-taxi systems is to reduce the taxiing fuel expenses, expedite pushback procedures, reduce gate congestion, reduce ground crew involvement, and reduce noise and air pollution levels at large airports. Airplane-based autonomous traction electric motors receive power from airplane's APU(s) possibly supplemented by onboard batteries. Using additional battery energy storages ads significant inert weight. Systems utilizing nose-gear traction alone are often traction-limited posing serious dispatch problems that could disrupt airport operations. Existing APU capacities are insufficient to deliver power for tractive taxiing while also providing for power off-takes. In order to perform comparative and objective analysis of taxi tractive requirements a "standard" taxiing cycle has been proposed. An analysis of reasonably expected tractive resistances has to account for steepest taxiway and runway slopes, taxiing into strong headwind, minimum required coasting speeds, and minimum acceptable acceleration requirements due to runway incursions issues. A mathematical model of tractive resistances was developed and was tested using six different production airplanes all at the maximum taxi/ramp weights. The model estimates the tractive force, energy, average and peak power requirements. It has been estimated that required maximum net tractive force should be 10% to 15% of the taxi weight for safe and expeditious airport movements. Hence, airplanes can be dispatched to move independently if the operational tractive taxi coefficient is 0.1 or higher.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

Near-wall effect on wakes behind particles is one of the important factors in precise tracking of particles in turbulent flows. However, most aerodynamic force models for particles did not fully consider the wall effect. In the present study, we focused on changes of hydrodynamic forces acting on a particle depending on wall proximity. To this end, we developed an immersed boundary method with multi-direct forcing incorporated to a fully implicit decoupling procedure for incompressible flows. We validate the present immersed boundary method through two-dimensional simulations of flow over a circular cylinder. Comprehensive parametric studies on the effect of the wall proximity on the drag and lift forces acting on an immersed circular cylinder in a channel flow are performed in order to investigate general flow patterns behind the circular cylinder for a wide range of Reynolds number (0.01 ${\leq}$ Re ${\leq}$ 200). As the cylinder is closer to the wall, the drag coefficient decreases while the lift coefficient increases with a local maximum. Maximum drag and lift coefficients for different wall proximities decrease with increment of Reynolds number. Normalized drag and lift coefficients by their maximum values show universal correlations between the coefficients and wall proximity in a low Reynolds number regime (Re ${\leq}$ 1).

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.617-631
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• 2020

Wake-induced aerodynamics of yawed circular cylinders with smooth and grooved surfaces in a tandem arrangement was studied. This pair of cylinders represent sections of stay-cables with smooth surfaces and high-voltage power conductors with grooved surfaces that are vulnerable to flow-induced structural failure. The study provides some insight for a better understanding of wake-induced loads and galloping problem of bundled cables. All experiments in this study were conducted using a pair of stationary section models of circular cylinders in a wind tunnel subjected to uniform and smooth flow. The aerodynamic force coefficients and vortex-shedding frequency of the downstream model were extracted from the surface pressure distribution. For measurement, polished aluminum tubes were used as smooth cables; and hollow tubes with a helically grooved surface were used as power conductors. The aerodynamic properties of the downstream model were captured at wind speeds of about 6-23 m/s (Reynolds number of 5×10⁴ to 2.67×10⁵ for smooth cable and 2×10⁴ to 1.01×10⁵ for grooved cable) and yaw angles ranging from 0° to 45° while the upstream model was fixed at the various spacing between the two model cylinders. The results showed that the Strouhal number of yawed cable is less than the non-yawed case at a given Reynolds number, and its value is smaller than the Strouhal number of a single cable. Additionally, compared to the single smooth cable, it was observed that there was a reduction of drag coefficient of the downstream model, but no change in a drag coefficient of the downstream grooved case in the range of Reynolds number in this study.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2015

최근 다수의 유도무기는 공간 효율성을 위해 접힘 날개를 적용하고 있다. 날개의 전개과정 중에 작용하는 공기력은 날개 전개 성능에 많은 영향을 주기 때문에, 일반적으로 CFD 해석을 통하여 공력계수를 산출한다. 이와 다른 방법으로 Missile Datcom을 이용하여, 날개의 전개 과정을 날개 상반각 변화로 가정하여 입력하면, 빠르고 간편하게 CFD 해석 결과와 근접한 공력계수 산출이 가능하다. 또한 동체에 돌출부가 존재하는 경우 날개를 서로 포개어 접어야 되는 상황이 발생할 수 있고, 전개과정 중에 한쪽 날개가 다른 쪽 날개의 전개 과정을 방해 또는 도와주게 되는 구속효과가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 공기력 효과 및 구속 효과를 고려하여 날개의 초기구속 여부 판단 기준과 전개 거동 특성을 수식화 하였고, 날개 전개 성능 분석을 수행하였으며, 성능 분석 결과를 풍동 시험 데이터와 비교하였다. 날개의 전개 성능은 풍동시험에서 나타난 전개 취약 풍향을 정확하게 예측하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2001년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.70-75
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• 2001

This paper presents the results of numerical simulation of wind environment and wind coefficient around super high-rise building. The analysis of aerodynamic response due to wind-induced forces and wind effect to surrounding buildings is important to high-rise building. This paper simulates the wind force to the high-rise building and wind flow pattern around the high-rise building, and shows the usability of CFD analysis to design process of high-rise building. A Navier-Stokes-Solver (FLUENT) with Quick spatial discretization scheme and RNG $\kappa-\epsilon$ turbulence model has been applied to the computation of the three dimensional turbulent flow.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.109-113
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• 2005

Recently, the weight of train is decreased by using the light material for improvement in energy efficiency. And the length of whole train is more increased for mass transportation of passengers and cargo. However, decrease of the weight and increase of the length of train can cause the train to be overturned or derailed by strong crosswind. In case of Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX), the situation can be more severe. TTX will be developed for a quasi-high speed train at 200km/h speed rate and operated on the existing tracks. Moreover, the weight of TTX will be much less than that of conventional train. It is supposed that TTX will be very sensitive to crosswind. In this paper, numerical analysis is used to investigate aerodynamic characteristics around TTX and obtain the induced lateral force by crosswind. After calculating derailment coefficient and overturning coefficient using numerical results, the crosswind safety of TTX is judged. This paper will be good data for judging crosswind safety of TTX.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

작은 세장비(aspect ratio)를 갖는 형상의 자탄(sub-munition)은 자유낙하 시 비행 자세 안정성이 불량하고 항력조절이 어렵다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 일반적인 비행 날개 대신 그리드핀이라고 불리는 핀을 설계하여 자탄에 적용하였다. 우선 자탄의 기본모델을 설정하고, 해당 모델에 대한 자유낙하 하는 천음속(transonic) 조건에서의 전산해석이 수행되었으며 풍동시험을 통해 전산해석 결과를 검증하였다. 기본모델의 경우 요구되는 수준의 높은 항력은 얻었으나 자세 안정성이 확보되지 않았다. 이를 개선하기 위해 그리드핀의 설계변수 중 하나인 웹 두께(web-thickness)를 변경하여 2종의 핀을 추가로 설계하였으며 해당 설계안에 대한 전산해석을 수행하였다. 수행 결과, 웹 두께가 가장 얇은 조건에서 자세 안정성이 가장 우수하게 확보되었으며 항력계수도 큰 값을 유지하였다. 해석 결과를 기반으로 그리드핀 설계를 완료하고, 자탄에 대한 공력자료를 확보하여 이를 토대로 자탄의 탄도를 예측할 수 있는 기반이 마련되었다. 또한, 그리드핀이 다양한 형태의 비행체와 탄에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.559-575
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• 2016

In order to investigate the influence of different blade positions on aerodynamic load and wind loads and load-effects of large scale wind turbine tower under the halt state, we take a certain 3 MW large scale horizontal axis three-blade wind turbine as the example for analysis. First of all, numerical simulation was conducted for wind turbine flow field and aerodynamic characteristics under different halt states (8 calculating conditions in total) based on LES (large eddy simulation) method. The influence of different halt states on the average and fluctuating wind pressure coefficients of turbine tower surface, total lift force and resistance coefficient, circular flow and wake flow characteristics was compared and analysed. Then on this basis, the time-domain analysis of wind loads and load-effects was performed for the wind turbine tower structure under different halt states by making use of the finite element method. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: The halt positions of wind blade could have a big impact on tower circular flow and aerodynamic distribution, in which Condition 5 is the most unfavourable while Condition 1 is the most beneficial condition. The wind loads and load-effects of disturbed region of tower is obviously affected by different halt positions of wind blades, especially the large fluctuating displacement mean square deviation at both windward and leeward sides, among which the maximum response occurs in $350^{\circ}$ to the tower top under Condition 8; the maximum bending moment of tower bottom occurs in $330^{\circ}$ under Condition 2. The extreme displacement of blade top all exceeds 2.5 m under Condition 5, and the maximum value of windward displacement response for the tip of Blade 3 under Condition 8 could reach 3.35 m. All these results indicate that the influence of halt positions of different blades should be taken into consideration carefully when making wind-resistance design for large scale wind turbine tower.