• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

본 시험은 가시광선을 이용한 돈분뇨 액비의 부숙여부를 구명하고, 이를 활용한 측정 장치의 개발을 목적으로 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다.가. 돈분뇨 액비 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 pH는 증가하고 EC는 낮아졌으며, 액비를 폭기처리하므로서 무처리에 비해 pH는 더 증가하고 EC는 더 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 나. 돈분뇨 액비 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 주요 악취물질인 암모니아 ($NH_3$)와 황화수소($H_2S$) 농도가 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈으며, 폭기처리를 하므로서 악취농도가 현저하게 낮아지거나 없어지는 결과를 보였다. 다. 돈분뇨 액비의 종자발아율은 무 및 배추종자 공히 초기부터 6주 경과시까지는 전혀 전혀 발아되지 않았고, 7주가 지나고부터 서서히 서서히 발아율이 높아지는 경향이었으나, 무폭기처리한 액비의 종자발아율은 무 및 배추종자 공히 초기부터 시험종료시까지 전혀 전혀 발아되지 않았다. 라. 원형여지크로마토그래피법에 의한 돈 분뇨 액비 부숙여부 반응을 조사한 결과, 폭기처리한 액비의 경우 초기부터 10주까지는 부식반응을 보이지 않았으나, 10주가 지나고 톱니바퀴 모양이 조금씩 형성되면서 반응을 보이기 시작하였고, 무폭기 처리한 액비는 시험 종료시까지 반응을 보이지 않았다. 마. 돈분뇨 액비의 부숙에는 pH, EC, 종자 발아율, 악취농도 및 원형여지크로마토그래피 반응 등이 관련되는 것으로 나타났다. 바. 색도를 이용한 돈분뇨 액비 부숙도 축정을 위해 소프트웨어와 하드웨어를 개발하였으며, 클러스터링을 이용한 액비부숙도 분석 프로그램을 완성하였다. 사. 돈분뇨 액비 부숙도 측정장치는 텅스텐할로겐, 듀테륨램프, 시료투입구, 석영셀, 분광분석기, 악취측정기, 분석소프트웨어 등으로 구성되었으며, 액비의 부숙여부를 간편하고 신속하게 예측할 수 있었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.40-44
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• 2003

Soil-borne infectious disease including Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani causes severe damage to plants, such as cucumber. This soil-borne infectious disease was not controlled effectively by chemical pesticide. Since these diseases spread through the soil, chemical agents are usually ineffective. Instead, biological control, including antagonistic microbe can be used as a preferred control method. An efficient method was developed to select an antagonistic strain to be used as a biological control agent strain. In this new method, surface tension reduction potential of an isolate was included in the ‘decision factor’ in addition to the other factors, such as growth rate, and pathogen inhibition rate. Considering these 3 decision factors by a statistical method, an isolate from soil was selected and was identified as Bacillus sp. GB16. In the pot test, this strain showed the best performance among the isolated strains. The lowest disease incidence rate and fastest seed growth was observed when Bacillus sp. GB16 was used. Therefore this strain was considered as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The action of surface tension reducing component was deduced as the enhancement of wetting, spreading, and residing of antagonistic strain in the rhizosphere. This result showed that new selection method was significantly effective in selecting the best antagonistic strain for biological control of soil-borne infectious plant pathogen. The antifungal substances against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani were partially purified from the culture filtrates of Bacillus sp. GB16. In this study, lipopeptide possessing antifungal activity was isolated from Bacillus sp. GB16 cultures by various purification procedures and was identified as a surfactin-like lipopeptide based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS), and quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) ESI-MS/MS data. The lipopeptide, named GB16-BS, completely inhibited the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium sp., and Botrytis cineria at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L, respectively. A novel method to prevent the foaming and to provide oxygen was developed. During the production of surface active agent, such as lipopeptide (surfactin), large amount of foam was produced by aeration. This resulted in the carryover of cells to the outside of the fermentor, which leads to the significant loss of cells. Instead of using cell-toxic antifoaming agents, low amount of hydrogen peroxide was added. Catalase produced by cells converted hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Also addition of corn oil as an oxygen vector as well as antifoaming agent was attempted. In addition, Ca-stearate, a metal soap, was added to enhance the antifoam activity of com oil. These methods could prevent the foaming significantly and maintained high dissolved oxygen in spite of lower aeration and agitation. Using these methods, high cell density, could be achieved with increased lipopeptide productivity. In conclusion to produce an effective biological control agent for soil-borne infectious disease, following strategies were attempted i) effective screening of antagonist by including surface tension as an important decision factor ii) identification of antifungal compound produced from the isolated strain iii) novel oxygenation by $H_2O_2-catalase$ with vegetable oil for antifungal lipopeptide production.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2007

본 연구는 혼합유기질비료를 액비화할 때 액비화 효율을 증진시키기 위하여 폭기시간과 유기질비료 농도에 따른 무기성분의 특성변화를 조사하였다. 혼합 유기질비료는 참깻묵, 쌀겨, 어분, 혈분 등의 유기질 재료와 일라이트, 패화석 등으로 이루어져 있으며 약 2개월간의 발효과정을 거쳤고 N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ 및 유기물함량은 각각 $23.0g\;kg^{-1}$, $17.0g\;kg^{-1}$, $23.9g\;kg^{-1}$, $290g\;kg^{-1}$이었다. 폭기시간은 일 2시간, 8시간, 연속 폭기 및 무폭기의 처리를 두었으며 물량에 대한 유기질비료 농도는 10%로 하였다. 유기질비료 농도에 따른 특성변화는 전체 물 함량에 대한 유기질비료 농도를 5%, 10% 및 20%로 하고 일 2시간씩 폭기를 하였다. 액비제조 기간이 경과함에 따라 폭기시간에 관계없이 pH, EC 및 $NH_4-N$ 농도는 증가하였다. 일 2시간 폭기한 처리구에서 액비제조 10일 후의 N, $P_2O_5$ 및 $K_2O$ 농도는 각각 $646mg\;kg^{-1}$, $68.1mg\;kg^{-1}$, $453mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 침출률은 각각 27.6%, 4.0% 및 18.9%이었으며 일 8시간 폭기 및 연속폭기조와 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 연속폭기조에서 호기성 세균, 포자형성 세균 및 사상균의 생균수가 다른 처리구보다 많았다. 물에 대한 유기질비료의 농도를 증가시키면 EC, $NH_4-N$ 및 무기성분 함량은 증가하였으나 유기질비료의 침출률은 감소하였다. 액비제조 10일 후 유기질비료 20% 처리구의 N, $P_2O_5$ 및 $K_2O$ 농도는 각각 $1,140mg\;kg^{-1}$, $35.4mg\;kg^{-1}$, $544mg\;kg^{-1}$이었고 침출률은 각각 24.8%, 2.4% 및 13.6%이었다. 유기질비료 농도의 증가는 포자형성 세균과 Pseudomonas spp. 균의 생균수를 증가시켰다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.583-590
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• 2011

공기 폭기법을 통해 암모니아를 제거함에 있어, 반응조의 물리적 인자(폭기 깊이, 공기 방울 크기, 표면적)와 알칼리도가 암모니아의 제거 속도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 30 L/min의 공기를 6~53 cm의 폭기 깊이로 실험한 결과, 폭기 깊이는 암모니아 제거 속도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. pH가 10.0, 온도가 $30^{\circ}C$에서 암모니아의 제거 속도 상수와 표준편차는 각각 $0.175h^{-1}$, 0.004로 나타났다. 공기 방울의 크기 및 공기상과 접촉하는 수표면의 표면적은 제거 속도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 폐수의 알칼리도는 암모니아 제거 속도에 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 폭기에 의해 이산화탄소가 수용액에 용존되어 pH를 변화시킬 수 있기 때문인 것으로 예상된다. 매립지와 하수 종말 처리장에서 채취한 실제 폐수를 대상으로 암모니아 제거 속도를 살펴보았다. 하수 원수(pH = 7.1, alkalinity = 75 mg/L)의 경우, pH를 9.3으로 조절하여도 암모니아 제거 속도가 크게 증가하지 않았다. 그러나, 알칼리도가 높은 침출수 원수(pH = 8.0, alkalinity = 6,525 mg/L)는 초기 pH가 낮음에도 불구하고, 공기 폭기에 따른 pH 상승으로 인해 암모니아 제거 속도가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한, 침출수 원수의 pH를 9.4로 조절한 경우, 하수 원수와 달리 공기 폭기에 따른 pH 저하가 나타나지 않아 암모니아 제거 속도가 유지 되었다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

팽나무버섯 병재배($1,100m{\ell}$)에서 배양기 내 통기성이 팽나무버섯의 균사생장과 버섯발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 배양병 내의 통기성은 배양병 뚜껑에서 천공의 상하위치와 구경 크기로 조절하였고, 통기성 처리의 효과로는 배양병 내 이산화탄소 농도, 수분함량 변화, 키틴 함량, 유리당 함량, 자실체 발생량을 조사하였다. 팽나무버섯 균사배양 중 대수기 정점에서의 배양병 내 이산화탄소 농도는 대조구인 비통기성 무스폰지 뚜껑과, 천공 크기가 작은 뚜껑일수록 상대적으로 높았다. 팽나무버섯 균사 배양체 내 유리당 함량은 구멍 크기가 47mm로 상하로 천공된 뚜껑을 가진 병에서, 그리고 구멍 크기가 26~33mm로 하부만 천공 뚜껑을 가진 병에서 가장 많았다. 키틴 함량은 26mm 크기의 구멍을 하부에만 천공한 뚜껑을 가진 병에서 가장 많았다. 한편 뚜껑에서 천공의 위치가 상하 양쪽이고 천공크기가 42mm~47mm인 배양병에서는 수분 감소가 많아 발이가 불량하고 자실체 생산량도 적었다. 결론적으로 팽나무버섯 병재배 용기 $1,100m{\ell}$ pp병에서 최고의 수량을 나타낸 배양병에서의 뚜껑은 상하 천공으로 19mm 구멍과 하부만의 천공은 26mm 구멍을 내고 통기성 스폰지를 넣은 것으로, 이 때 자실체 생산량은 대조구보다 6~9% 증가하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2010

본 시험은 돈분뇨 슬러리�l 액상처리효과를 증시키기 위하여 담체를 활용한 폭기조 운영조건 변화에 따른 처리효과를 측정하기 위한 목적으로 수행하였으며, 시험 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. BOD와 COD의 제거효율은 일반 관행폭기에 비해 담체 처리구에서 더 좋은 결과를 보였다. 담체 중에서도 섬유상 담체에서 그 제거율이 높았다. SS의 경우는 관행 폭기처리구보다 담체 적용구에서 그 변화정도가 적었다. 반면에 질소의 제거율은 담체 적용에 의해 뚜렷하게 개선되었다. 2. 슬러지 침강성과 농축성을 나타내는 SVI 값은 대조구에서 나타난 25%에 비해 담체 적용구가 높았으며 섬유상 담체적용구에서 45%의 가장 높은 감소정도를 보였다. 3. 관행 폭기구에서의 슬러지 발생량을 100으로 기준하여 볼 때 섬유담체에서 약 85% 정도의 슬러지 발생량을 보임으로써 각 처리구중에서 슬러지 발생량이 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. 4. 담체를 적용한 경우 슬러지중의 휘발성 고형분 함량이 일반 관행 폭기구에서 발생한 슬러지보다 더 낮아지는 결과를 보였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2005

In order to decrease the high costs of membrane process, we have tried to develop two alternatives to membrane; a cartridge type filter and a metal membrane were tested for the high permeation flux with low cost and low energy. This research mainly focused on three points; 1) operation with high permeation flux by using of a cartridge type filter and a metal membrane, 2) removals of the filterable organic materials (FOC) by pretreatments for the membrane fouling control, and 3) advanced wastewater treatment by SMBR process with intermittent aeration and high MLSS. An Intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor using a submerged micro filter (cartridge type) was applied in laboratory scale for the advanced wastewater treatment. To minimize membrane fouling, intermittent aeration was applied inside of the filter with $3.0kg_f/cm^2$. The experiments was conducted for 6 months with three different HRTs (8, 10, 12 hr) and high MLSS of 6,000 and 10,000mg/L. The filtration process could be operated up to 50 days with permeation flux of 500LMH. Regardless of the operating conditions, more than 95% of COD, BOD and SS were removed. Fast and complete nitrification was accomplished, and denitrification was appeared to be the rate-limiting step. More than 75% T-N could be removed due to the endogenous denitrification. T-P removal efficiency was increased to 80% under the condition of MLSS 10,000mg/L.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.548-553
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• 1999

A production of $\beta-Carotene$was attempted in a fed-batch culture of Blakeslea trispora by controlling both foam and dissolved oxygen in the presence of surfactant, Span 20. Results obtained from the shake flask cultures indicated that a high concentration of dissolved oxygen was needed for both cell growth and $\beta-Carotene$ synthesis, and the optimal concentration of glucose was found to be in the range of 50-100 g/l. In order to maintain the dissolved oxygen concentration level at higher than 50% of air saturation, pure oxygen was automatically sparged into the medium with air. Foam was controlled by bypassing air from the submerged aeration to the headspace in response to the foam that was caused by Span 20. High agitation speed was found to be detrimental to the cell growth due to shear damage, even though it provided sufficient dissolved oxygen. On the other hand, a low aeration speed caused stagnant regions in the fermentor because of improper mixing. Thus, for the fed-batch operation, agitation speed was increased gradually from 300 to 700 rpm to prevent cell damage at the initial stage of fermentation and to give efficient mixing for a viscous culture broth as the culture proceeded. By controlling dissolved oxygen and foam, a high concentration of $\beta-Carotene$otene (1,190 mg/l) was obtained in 6 days of the fed-batch culture of B. trispora with 2.5% of the dry cell weight, which was approximately 5 times higher than that of the batch cultures.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2003

This study was performed to compare the effects of rice straw and towage sludge cake as bulking materials on temperature, pH, weight and volume reduction, porosity, C/N ratio, salinity, and conductivity in aerobic composting of food wastes. Volume ratios of food wastes to rice straw in reactor control, RS-1, RS-2, RS-3 and RS-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Weight ratios of food wastes to sewage sludge rake in reactor control, SL-1, SL-2, SL-3 and SL-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1 hour stirring by 1 rpm and 2 hours aeration per day. The values of pH of food waters, rice straw and sewage sludge cake were 4.39, 7.40 and 5.79, respectively. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to rice straw resulted in the high reaction temperature and the fast weight and volume reduction rates. The lowering of the weight ratio of food wastes to sewage sludge cake resulted in the slow weight and volume reduction rates. C/N ratio in control was larger than that in rice straw containing reactors, and that in rice straw containing reactors was larger than that in sewage sludge cake containing reactors. Salinity and conductivity in reactors were condensed and increased by reaction days.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.312-312
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• 2017

The study was conducted to select optimal materials for promoting germination rate, high sprouting vigor by priming treatment using PEG 6000 (water potential -0.5 to 2.0 Mpa) and Azolla extracts (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0%) extracted by ethanol, distilled, and/or hot water in colored rice cultivars. Each rice seed (three black rice cultivars and two red rice cultivars) was soaked 24 and 48 hr including untreated control. In black rice, Joseongheugchal rice cultivar, azolla ethanol extract (0.1%) induced highest germination rate, germination speed was taken to 5 days in distilled water and to 3days in Azolla extracts extracted hot water. Otherwise, degree of bacterial inhibition (number of colony, $10^3cfu$) in dry seed, water soaking for 24hr, soaking with fungicide for 24hr and 48hr, soaking with fungicide and aeration for 24hr and 48 hr was 22, 500, 95, and 0.46, respectively. In order to minimize fungal inhibition, a method can be chosen to combination of soaking fungicide and aeration for 48 hr. In seed priming treatments using growth pouch, seed soaking with fungicide did not affect change of germination percentage and germination speed, it delayed only 2 or 4day in the Joseongheugchal rice cultivar. It differs from rice cultivars and priming materials, Azolla extract(0.1 to 1%) promotes seed germination percentage in the Ilpum, Hongjinju, and Joseonghuegchal, in addition, germination in Jeogjinju cultivar was only promoted by PEG solution(10 to 20%), otherwise, it showed much lower or inhibited on the germination in Heugjinju and Sinmyungheugchal rice cultivars. In a paddy field trial, seedling establishment rate by applying PEG6000 and azolla extract did not show significantly statistical difference. When it compared with untreated control, seedling establishment rate was increased over 50% in priming treatments. Interestingly, seedling establishment rate under azolla extract (0.1%) extracted with ethanol was promoted over 2.5 times compared to the control in a black rice, Joseongheugchal and red rice, Jeogjinju.