• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2002

In this work, the surface properties and mechanical interfacial properties of the carbon blacks treated by oxygen plasma were investigated. The surface properties of carbon black by oxidation process of oxygen plasma were studied in acid-base surface value, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). And their mechanical interfacial properties of the carbon black/rubber composites were evaluated by the composite tearing energy ($G_{III}c$). As a result, it was found that the introduction rate of oxygen-containing polar functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, lactone, and carbonyl groups, onto the carbon black surfaces was increased by increasing the plasma treatment time. It revealed that the polar rubber, such as acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), showed relatively a high degree of interaction with oxygen-containing functional groups of the carbon black surfaces, resulting in improving the tearing energy ($G_{III}c$) of the carbon black/acrlyonitrile butadiene rubber composites.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.192-197
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• 2009

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were used as a catalyst support where catalytically active Pd and Pt metal particles decorated the outside of the external CNT walls. In this study, Pd and Pt nanoparticles supported on $HNO_3$-treated CNT were prepared by microwave-assisted heating of the polyol process using $PdCl_2$ and $H_2PtCl_6{\codt}6H_2O$ precursors, respectively, and were then characterized by SEM, TEM, and Raman. Raman spectroscopy showed that the acid treated CNT had a higher intensity ratio of $I_D/I_G$ compared to that of non-treated CNT, indicating the formation of defects or functional groups on CNT after chemical oxidation. Microwave irradiation for total two minutes resulted in the formation of Pd and Pt nanoparticles on the acid treated CNT. The sizes of Pd and Pt nanoparticles were found to be less than 10 nm and 3 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the $SnO_2$ films doped with CNT decorated by Pd and Pt nanoparticles were prepared, and then the $NO_2$ gas response of these sensor films was evaluated under $1{\sim}5\;ppm$ $NO_2$ concentration at $200^{\circ}C$. It was found that the sensing property of the $SnO_2$ film sensor on $NO_2$ gas was greatly improved by the addition of CNT-supported Pd and Pt nanoparticles.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2022

In this study, we demonstrated an eco-friendly thin-metallic-film-based heater which can be operated in water. Based on the materials stability, Mo was selected as the heating element to secure long-term stability. Using a magnetron sputtering, 40 nm-thick Mo layers were deposited onto a glass substrate, followed by the deposition of 60-nm-thick ZnO layer to prevent oxidation during the heater fabrication process. Then, PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral) was applied on top of ZnO layer and an additional glass substrate was placed, which were heated at 150℃ for 2 hr. The PVB was cured with strong adhesion by the processing condition. We operated the Glass/Mo/ZnO/Glass heater in water, and it was shown that the water temperature reached 50℃ within 2 minutes, with a minimal resistance change of the heater. Finally, the heaters exhibit a semi-transparency, and this aesthetic advantage is expected to contribute to the added value of the heater.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.432-439
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• 2018

Metal catalysts such as Fe, Co, Mn, and Pd supported on the activated carbon (AC) were prepared to improve functional groups for the chemical adsorption and catalytic ozonation. Following ascending orders of the phenol decomposition rate, dissolved ozone decomposition ratio and TOC (total organic carbon) removal from experimental results of advanced oxidation process (AOP) were observed: Fe-AC < AC < Co-AC < Mn-AC < Pd-AC. BET analysis results showed that the physical properties of the metal impregnated activated carbon had no effect on the catalytic ozonation, and the catalytic effect was dependent on the kind of impregnated metal. The ratio of the formed concentration of OH radical to that of ozone (RCT) was measured by using the decomposition outcome of p-chlorobenzoic acid, a probe compound that reacts rapidly with OH radical but slowly with ozone. The measured values of RCT were $5.48{\times}10^{-9}$ and $1.47{\times}10^{-8}$ for the ozone alone and activated carbon processes, respectively, and $2.13{\times}10^{-9}$, $1.51{\times}10^{-8}$, $4.77{\times}10^{-8}$, and $5.58{\times}10^{-8}$ for Fe-AC, Co-AC, Mn-AC, and Pd-AC processes, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.643-650
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• 2005

In order to treat leachate from aged landfill site effectively, removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and denitrification efficiency were evaluated through the combination of $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process and UASB process. The results can be summarized as follows. In case of leachate having low COD/N ratio from aged landfill site, it is possible to increase available COD for denitrification in nitrate utilizing denitrification and nitrite utilizing denitrification both by enhancing biodegradability of recalcitrant organic matter as applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP to pretreatment process. In this experiment, it is found that available COD for denitrification can be increased to 1.0 and 0.4 g/day, respectively. Comparison has been made between requiring COD and available COD for denitrification in each experimental stages. It is expected that high rate of denitrification can be achieved with leachate from young landfill site because higher amount of available COD for denotrification is present in the leachate than the amount of requiring COD for denitrification. Especially, In leachate from aged landfill site with low COD/N ratio, it can be concluded that denitrification using nitrite nitrogen can enhance overall denitrification performance efficiently because denitrification using nitrite nitrogen requires less amount of carbon source than denitrification using nitrate nitrogen. Comparing the biogas production rate and nitrogen content of biogas under the condition of same amount of nitrate and nitrite addition, biogas production and nitrogen content of biogas are increased during denitrification after $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process. Therefore, it can be confirmed that COD/N ratio in the leachate is increased. Applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP as pretreatment system of landfill leachate seems to have little economic benefit because it requires additional carbon source to denitrify ammonia nitrogen in leachate coming from aged landfill site. However, it is possible to apply this pretreatment process to leachate from old landfill site in view of AOP process can achieve removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and increase of available COD for denitrification simultaneously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2017

For several decades, industrial processes consume a huge amount of raw water for various objects that consequently results in the generation of large amounts of wastewater. There effluents are mainly treated by conventional technologies such are aerobic, anaerobic treatment and chemical coagulation. But, there processes are not suitable for eliminating all hazardous chemical compounds form wastewater and generate a large amount of toxic sludge. Therefore, other processes have been studied and applied together with these techniques to enhance purification results. These techniques include photocatalysis, absorption, advanced oxidation processes, and ozonation, but also have their own drawbacks. In recent years, electrochemical techniques have received attention as wastewater treatment process that show higher purification results and low toxic sludge. There are many kinds of electrode materials for electrochemical process, among them, boron doped diamond (BDD) attracts attention due to good chemical and electrochemical stability, long lifetime and wide potential window that necessary properties for anode electrode. So, there are many researches about high quality BDD, among them, researches are focused BDD on Si substrate. But, Si substrate is hard to apply electrode application due to the brittleness and low life time. And other substrates are also not suitable for wastewater treatment electrode due to high cost. To solve these problems, Ti has been candidate as substrate in consideration of cost and properties. But there are critical issues about adhesion that must be overcome to apply Ti as substrate. In this study, to overcome this problem, TiN interlayer is introduced between BDD and Ti substrate. TiN has higher electrical and thermal conductivity, melting point, and similar crystalline structure with diamond. The TiN interlayer was deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS) with thickness of 50 nm, $1{\mu}m$. The microstructure of BDD films with TiN interlayer were estimated by FE-SEM and XRD. There are no significant differences in surface grain size despite of various interlayer. In wastewater treatment results, the BDD electrode with TiN (50nm) showed the highest electrolysis speed at livestock wastewater treatment experiments. It is thought to be that TiN with thickness of 50 nm successfully suppressed formation of TiC that harmful to adhesion. And TiN with thickness of $1{\mu}m$ cannot suppress TiC formation.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.76-82
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• 2021

The separation of palladium from crude metal, which is obtained from electronic waste using pyrometallurgy was achieved through electrolysis. This was done to recover high-purity copper. The oxidation potentials of these metals are a fundamental part of the analysis of electrolytic separation of palladium and impurity metals. To achieve this, copper, iron, and nickel were dissolved in the electrolyte, and palladium and aluminum were found to be recoverable from anode slime. During the electrolysis for palladium separation, palladium was present in the anode slime and was obtained with a recovery of 97.46 % indicating almost no loss. 4N-grade copper was recovered from the electrodeposition layer at the cathode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2018

In this study, Diazinon which is the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) among pesticides was removed by ozone/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process (Peroxone AOP). Diazinon is mainly found in groundwater, drinking water, rivers and ponds that are near agricultural areas using the pesticide. Accumulation of Diazinon on the body in the form of metabolites causes neurotoxicity, confusion, dizziness and vomiting. Diazinon is not easily removed by conventional water treatment processes. This study investigated the Diazinon removal characteristics with OH radicals with strong oxidizing power generated by using ozone and hydrogen peroxide. We determined optimal hydrogen peroxide/ozone injection molar ratio and confirmed the elimination reaction to initial Diazinon concentration, pH and DOC concentration, which are factors influencing the removal efficiency. Domestic researches on pesticide removal in the environment are much less than the cases of overseas. This study is expected to provide a basis for the process design for pesticide removal.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2006

Three different virgin activated carbons made of each coal(Calgon), coconut(Samchully) and wood(Picabiol) based activated carbon(AC) were tested for an adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was Investigated that the breakthrough points of coal, coconut and wood based AC were observed as 3600 bed volumn(BV), 1440 BV and 144 BV respectively. Adsorption capacity(X/M) of coal, coconut and wood based AC was observed. The reported results of adsorption capacity showed that coal based AC was highest(578.9 ${\mu}g/g$), coconut based AC was intermediate(142.3 ${\mu}g/g$) and wood based AC was lowest(7.4 ${\mu}g/g$) due to increasing specific surface area. Moreover, carbon usage rates(CURs) for coal, coconut and wood based AC had been shown as 0.48 g/day, 1.41 g/day and 6.9 g/day respectively. The constant characteristic of the system, k of coal based AC was found to be 91.5 and k of coconut based AC was found to be 17.9. Removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane with different ozonation dosages(2 and 5 mg/L) for 20 min ozonation had been shown 38% and 87% respectively. There was no observation for biological removal of 1.4-dioxane by attached micro-organisms when used(3.1 years and over 5 years) biological activated carbon(BAC) without pretreatment of oxidation were employed. When a combination of ozonation(2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and BAC process for $10{\sim}30$ min was applied, removal efficiency for 1,4-dioxine increased only $2{\sim}6%$ compared to only applying ozonation. Therefore removal efficiency of BAC process prior to using oxidation was proven to negligible. Consequently, the results presented in this paper provide a better insight into the adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane. This observation suggests that using virgin activated carbon made of coal is the best selection for removal of 1,4-dioxane in the water treatment for an advanced treatment. It is clear from this research that longer EBCT for ozonation or higher ozone concentration are more effective operation methods for removal of 1,4-dioxane than longer EBCT in the BAC process.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.376-384
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of osteoblast-like cells to Ca-P coated surface obtained via Ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) method and Sol-Gel process on anodized surface by cellular proliferation and differentiation. Material and methods: The surface of a commercially pure titanium (Grade IV) discs with dimension of 10mm diameter and 2 mm thickness was modified by anodic oxidation under a constant voltage of 300 V. The experimental groups were coated with Ca-P by the IBAD method and Sol-Gel process on anodized surface. The surface roughness (Ra) of specimens was measured by optical interferometer and each surface was examined by SEM. To evaluate cell response, MG63 cells were cultured and cell proliferation, ALP activity and the ability of cell differentiation were examined. Also, cell morphology was examined by SEM. The significant of each group was verified by Kruskal-Wallis Test ($\alpha$=.05). Results: The Ra value of Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method was significantly higher than Ca-P coated surface by Sol-gel process (P < .05). The level of cell proliferation and ALP activity was higher in Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method (P<.05). The expression of ALP showed higher level expression in Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method. Cells grown on Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method were uniformly distributed and developed a very close layer. Conclusion: These experiments showed better performances of Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method with respect to Ca-P coated surface by Sol-gel process. Ca-P coated surface by IBAD method appear to give rise more mature osteoblast characteristics and might result in increased bone growth and bone-implant contact.