• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.942-948
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine whether the length of the feeding of the controlled experimental diet to the dam resulted in changes to the dam milk or pup brain fatty acid composition. As a first method, females have been obtained at 3 weeks of age and fed the experimental diet throughout their growth to adulthood including mating, pregnancy, and lactational periods. As a second method, in order to shorten this long and expensive process, time-pregnant dams were obtained as early as possible from a commercial supplier, on day 3 of gestation, and immediately switched to the experimental diet. At birth, the milk of dams prepared by these two different methods was compared by collecting the stomach contents of the pups. This showed a slight increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in the pup stomach contents from the time-pregnant dams. There were no significant changes in the brain fatty acid composition of pups between the two different lengths of the experimental diet intake. By the 10 days of age, there were only minor differences in the milk fatty acid composition of pup stomach contents from the two sets of dams. However, the pup brains of the time-pregnant groups at 10 days showed increased AA and DHA due to intake of the chow diet including AA, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Thus, the history of the maternal feeding could affect the results under these particular circumstances, but the differences were minimal.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1996

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) in childhood is unique and different n-om that in adulthood in several aspects, including pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, complications, management, and prognosis. Characteristic features of childhood OSAS in comparison with the adult form are the variety of severe complications such as developmental delay, more prominent behavioral and cognitive impairments, vivid cardiovascular symptoms, and increased death risk, warranting a special attention to the possible diagnosis of OSAS in children who snore. However, the childhood OSAS is often neglected and unrecognized. We, therefore, report a case of very severe OSAS in a 5-year-old boy who was sucessfully treated with continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) treatment. Interestingly, the patient was comor-bid with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prior to the initial visit to us, adenotonsillectomy had been done at the age of 4 with no significant improvement of apneic symptoms and heavy snoring. On the initial diagnostic procedures, marked degree of snoring was audible even in the daytime wake state and the patient was observed to be very hyperactive. Increased pulmonary vascularity with borderline cardiomegaly was noted on chest X-ray. The baseline polysomnography revealed that the patient was very sleep-apneic and snored very heavily, with the respiratory disturbance index(RDI) of 46.9 per hour of sleep, the mean SaO2 of 78.8%, and the lowest SaO2 of 40.0%(the lowest detectable oxygen level by the applied oxymeter). The second night polysomnography was done for CPAP titration and the optimal pressure turned out to be $8.0\;cmH_2O$. The applied CPAP treatment was well tolerated by the patient and was found to be very effective in alleviating heavy snoring and severe repetitive sleep apneas. After 18 months of the CPAP treatment, the patient was followed up with nocturnal polysomnography(baseline and CPAP nights) and clinical examination. Sleep apneas were still present without CPAP on the baseline night. However, the severity of OSAS was significantly decreased(RDI of 15.7, mean SaO2 of 96.2%, and the lowest SaO2 of 83.0%), compared to the initial polysomnographic findings before initiation of long-term CPAP treatment. Wechsler intelligence tests done before and after the CPAP treatment were compared with each other and surprising improvement of intelligence(total 9 points, performance 16 points) was noted. Clinically he was found to be markedly improved in his attention deficit hyperactive behavior after CPAP treatment, but with minimal change of TOVA(test of variables of attention) scores except conversion of reaction time score into normal range. On the chest X-ray taken after 18 months of CPAP application, the initial cardiopulmonary abnormalities were not found at all. We found that the CPAP treatment in a young child is very effective, safe, and well-tolerated and also improves the co-morbid attention deficit hyperactive symptoms. Overall, the growth and development of the child has been facilitated with the long-term use of CPAP. Cardiovascular complications induced by OSAS have been also normalized with CPAP treatment. We suggest that early diagnosis and active treatment intervention of OSAS in children are crucial in preventing and ameliorating possible serious complications caused by repetitive sleep apneas and consequent hypoxic damage during sleep.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2000

Objects : Aimed to test the hypothesis that neonatal testosterone exposure in female mice influences the development of testosterone-related pain inhibitory system and that testosterone administered in adulthood decreases the pain sensitivity. Methods : Thirty androgenized(testosterone propionate $100{\mu}g$ ip within 24 hrs after birth) adult female and twenty five control(normal saline $100{\mu}g$ ip within 24 hrs after birth) adult female mice were injected with testosterone propionate 1mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days from 84th experimental days. Nociceptive sensitivity was measured before and after treatment of testosterone by tail flick latency on 84th and 86th experimental days. Results : 1) On the 84th experimental day, basal nociceptive sensitivity was significantly higher in the androgenized group($2.7{\pm}0.4$ sec) as compared to the control group($3.3{\pm}1.1$ sec). 2) Testosterone treatment on the 84th experimental day significantly lowered nociceptive sensitivity in both androgenized($5.2{\pm}0.9$ sec) and control groups($4.6{\pm}1.8$ sec). However the effect was significantly greater in the androgenized group. 3) Nociceptive sensitivity on 86th experimental day before administration of testosterone was significantly lower in the androgenized group($4.8{\pm}1.9$ sec) as compared to the control group($3.9{\pm}1.2$ sec). 4) Testosterone treatment on the 86th experimental day significantly lowered the nociceptive sensitivity in both groups, but the androgenized group($5.9{\pm}0.9$ sec) showed significantly lower post-treatment nociceptive sensitivity as compared to the control group($4.9{\pm}1.5$ sec). 5) Nociceptive sensitivity was decreased significantly after injection of testosterone once a day for two consecutive days in the androgenized group(${\Delta}2.1{\pm}1.0$ sec), but not in the control group(${\Delta}0.5{\pm}1.3$ sec). Conclusions : There may be a testosterone-related pain inhibitory system, the development of which is enhanced by exposure to testosterone in the neonatal period, and the activity of which is also mediated by testosterone in the later life.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.304-313
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the communication competence and empathy abilities of dental hygiene students on their interpersonal relationship abilities. The subjects in this study were 578 students who majored in dental hygiene at five randomly selected colleges. Out of the colleges, three were located in North Chungcheong province, and one was located in the city of Daejeon. The other one was located in South Gyeongsang province. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires from April 1 to May 7, 2013. The major findings of the study were as follows: 1. The respondents got a mean of $3.23{\pm}0.49$, $85.80{\pm}10.12$ and $83.27{\pm}8.37$ in interpersonal relationship abilities, communication competence and empathy abilities respectively. 2. As for communication competence, empathy abilities and interpersonal relationship abilities by general characteristics, there were statistically significant differences according to age, academic year, clinical practice experience and satisfaction with major. 3. The relationship of communication competence and empathy abilities to interpersonal relationship abilities was analyzed, and interpersonal relationship abilities were found to have a strong significant positive correlation to communication competence, empathy abilities and the subfactors of the two. 4. As a result of analyzing which variables affected interpersonal relationship abilities, it's found that interpersonal relationship abilities were under the influence of age, clinical practice experience, communication competence, empathy abilities. These variables made a 57.2% prediction of interpersonal relationship abilities. The above-mentioned findings suggest that communication competence and empathy abilities exerted an influence on interpersonal relationship abilities. Therefore curriculums and educational programs should be developed in consideration of these variables to ensure the stable college lives and successful relationship building of dental hygiene students who are on the way to adulthood and will serve as health care personnels in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2005

Changes in the rabbit Leydig cell from birth to adulthood were studied in New Zealand white rabbits of 1, 7, 21, 35, 49, 70, 105, 147, 196, and 252 days (n = 8 rabbits per group) of age. The objectives of this study were to understand the fate of the fetal Leydig cells, to determine the changes in serum testosterone levels, and leutenizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro, and to quantify adult Leydig cells by number and average volume with age. Testes of rabbits were fixed by whole body perfusion using a fixative containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, processed and embedded in Epon-araldite. Using $1{\mu}m$ sections stained with methylene blue-azure II, qualitative and quantitative (stereological) morphological studies were performed. Testosterone levels in the incubation medium of luteinizing hormone-stimulated (100 ng/ml) testosterone secretion per testis in vitro, and in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. The average volume of a testis of 1-day-old rabbits was determined as $0.0073cm^3$ and the parameter increased linearly from birth to 252 days ($3.93cm^3$). The volume density of the seminiferous tubules increased with age from 33.76% at day 1 to 88.2% at day 252. The volume density of the interstitium represents 66.24% of the testicular parenchyma at day 1. This proportion progressively diminished during development to reach a value of 11.8% at day 252. The volume density of Leydig cells increased almost linearly from birth (0.001%) to 252 days (2.62%). Leydig cell mass per testis increases from 0.0012 mg to 0.25 mg between days 1 and 35, from 2.66 mg to 44.3 mg between days 49 and 105 and from 65.42 mg and 102.9 mg between days 147 and 252. The absolute numbers of adult Leydig cells per testis increased linearly from birth to 252 days. The average volume of adult Leydig cell on days 1, 7, 21 and 35 was not significantly different; a gradual and continued increase was observed thereafter, reaching a 3-fold increase at 196 and 252 days. Serum testosterone concentrations were not significantly different at day 1 compared days 7, 21, 35. Significant increases were observed at days 49 and 70. Values at days 70 and 105 and days 147, 196, and 252 were not significantly different. LH-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro was significantly different at day 1 compared days 7, 21, 35. Significant increases were observed at days 49 and 70. Hormonal values at days 105, 147, 196, and 252 were not significantly different. These data suggested Leydig cell developmental phase can be classified: a neonatal phase (1-7 days), a prepubertal phase (14-49 days) and an adult phase (70-252 days). Immature and mature adult Leydig cells, initially detected at days 7 and 49, respectively, and mature adult Leydig cells were abundant Leydig cell type according to the number and absolute volume per testis form day 49 onwards.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.503-527
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze differences in modern 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors between the gifted and the general students of the elementary school. In this study, two groups(the gifted and the general students of the elementary school) were compared, in grade, birth-order, family members, education and religion factors in family, to seek for a better way to teach the Korean gifted students. The results are, as follows. First, the gifted had higher 'Hyo' concepts than the general students, because developments of the gifted in the field of intellect, emotion and will are faster than the general. The gifted had many interests in values and moral decisions. There are no meaningful differences between boys and girls in the gifted group. But in the general group, girls have higher 'Hyo' concepts than boys. This is because girls emotional developments are faster than boys. Second, in the gifted group, 5th graders have higher 'Hyo' concepts than 6th graders. On the other hand, in the general group, there are no meaningful differences between 5th graders and 6th graders. Third, there were no differences between the groups(gifted/general) by birth-order, family members and having religions or not. However, the comparison between nuclear families and large families shows that Korean traditional ethics - 'Hyo' is still in existence as a basic concept in the family, in spite of the changing family size and unit. In addition, in the family with a religion, the' Hyo' concept is revealed stronger than the other group. This is caused by the power of commanding love and affection which are emphasized through religions. From the results of this research, the gifted students of the elementary school have high consciousness concerning 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors. It is very essential for them to improve their 'Hyo' concepts until adulthood. Therefore, teachers and parents should pay more attention to help them improve their senses of Korean traditional morality - 'Hyo'.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-94
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• 2008

The purposes of this paper are to describe the newly established reference values of nutrient intakes: to apply the changed dietary reference intakes to the new text book based on the revised curriculum: and to contrive substantial contents in the domain of dietary life(foods & nutrition) of new text book. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans(KDRIs) is newly established reference values of nutrient intakes that are considered necessary to maintain the health of Koreans at the optimal state and to prevent chronic diseases and overnutrition. Unlike previously used Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreas(KRDA), which presented a single reference value for intake of each nutrient, multiple values are set at levels for nutrients to reduce risk of chronic diseases and toxicity as well as prevention of nutrient deficiency. The new KDRIs include the Estimated Average Requirement(EAR), Recommended Intake(RI), Adequate Intake(AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level(UL). The EAR is the daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement of the half of the apparently healthy individuals in a target group and thus is set at the median of the distribution of requirements. The RI is set at two standard deviations above the EAR. The AI is established for nutrients for which existing body of knowledge are inadequate to establish the EAR and RI. The UL is the highest level of daily nutrient intake which is not likely to cause adverse effects for the human health. Age and gender subgroups are established in consideration of physiological characteristics and developmental stages: infancy, toddler, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. Pregnancy and lactation periods were considered separately and gender is divided after early childhood. Reference heights and weights are from the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy. The practical application of DRIs to the new books based on the revision in the 7th curriculum is to assess the dietary and nutrient intake as well as to plan a meal. It can be utilized to set an appropriate nutrient goal for the diet as usually eaten and to develop a plan that the individual will consume using a nutrient based food guidance system in the new books based on the revision in the 7th curriculum.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.485-488
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• 2012

The life table of the Striped Fruit Fly, Bactrocera scutellata, was analyzed by using adult longevity and fecundity of B. scutellata at seven constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, $33{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) with 65% RH and 16L:8D in the laboratory. The highest values of longevity were observed at $21^{\circ}C$ with the values of 138.0 days for male and 131.2 days for female, respectively. Females of B. scutellata did not oviposit under $18^{\circ}C$ and larvae of B. scutellata could not survive to adulthood over $33^{\circ}C$. The highest value of total fecundity was observed at $24^{\circ}C$ (111.4 eggs) and daily fecundity per female was observed at approximately 1.0. The parameters of the life table were calculated by using the data from eggs to adults of B. scutellata at 4 different temperatures. Net reproduction rate ($R_o$) was highest at $21^{\circ}C$ (52.27). The intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$) and the finite rate of increase per day (${\lambda}$) were highest at $27^{\circ}C$ (0.07 and 1.07), respectively. The doubling time ($D_t$) was shortest at $27^{\circ}C$ (with 10.02). The mean generation time (T) was shortest at $27^{\circ}C$(50.39).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2010

Exposure during childhood results in higher risk for certain detrimental cancers than exposure during adulthood. We measured entrance skin dose (ESD) under 7-year children undergoing chest imaging and compared the relationship between ESD and age, height, weight, chest thickness. Though it is important to measure chest thickness for setting up the exposure condition of chest examination, it is difficult to measure chest thickness of children. We set up exposure parameters according to age because chest thickness of children has correlation with age. In the exposure parameters, for chest A-P examination under 2 year-children, tube voltage (kVp) in hospital A was higher than that in hospital B while tube current (mAs) was higher in hospital B, thus the ESD values were about 1.7 times higher in hospital B. However, for chest P-A examination over 4 year-children, the tube voltage was 7 kVp higher in hospital B, the tube current were same in all two systems, and focus to image receptor distance (FID) in hospital B (180 cm) was longer than that in hospital A (130 cm), thus the ESD values were 1.4 times higher in hospital A. For same ages, the ESD values for chest A-P examinations were higher than those for chest P-A examinations. Comparing ESD according to age, ESD values were $154{\mu}Gy$, $194{\mu}Gy$ and $138{\mu}Gy$ for children under 1 year, 1 to under 4 years and 4 to under 7 years of age, respectively. These values were lower than reference level ($200{\mu}Gy$) recommended in JART (japan association of radiological technologists), however these were higher than reference values recommended by EC (european commission), NRPB (national radiological protection board) and NIFDS (national institute of food & drug safety evaluation). In conclusion, the values of ESD were affected by exposure parameters from radiographer's past experience more than x-ray system. ESD values for older children were not always higher than those for younger children. Therefore we need to establish our own DRLs (diagnostic reference levels) according to age of the children in order to optimize pediatric patient protection.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2013

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and associated diseases in children with a horseshoe kidney and compared these data between children and adults. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records and radiological findings of 43 patients diagnosed with a horseshoe kidney in the Busan Paik Hospital. The subjects were divided into the children's group (14 cases, age <18 years) and the adult group (29 cases, age ${\geq}18$ years). Results: The study group consisted of 17 males and 26 females with a median age of 34 years. In the children's group (14 cases), 5 subjects were male and 9 were female, with a mean age of $6.7{\pm}6.2$ years. Most of the subjects were asymptomatic and were incidentally diagnosed with horseshoe kidney during their evaluation for another disease. Among the associated diseases in the children's group, Turner syndrome was the most common (5 cases), whereas ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stricture was observed in 2 cases (14.2%). None of the children exhibited abnormal renal function during the follow-up period. In the adult group (29 cases), 12 subjects were male and 17 were female, with a mean age of 48 years. Eighteen patients were incidentally diagnosed with horseshoe kidney during their evaluation for another disease, and 11 patients had hematuria or abdominal pain due to renal stones. Among the associated diseases in the adult group, Turner syndrome was the most common (5 cases), and UPJ stricture was observed in 5 cases; the other accompanying diseases included hydronephrosis and overactive bladder. Six patients exhibited decreased renal function (serum creatinine level >1.5) during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Horseshoe kidney is usually diagnosed incidentally in both children and adults. In the present study, we noted that Turner syndrome was the most common associated disease in children. In addition, most children were asymptomatic but had a high risk of urologic complications after the transition to adulthood. Therefore, children with horseshoe kidney require continuous follow-up.