• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.456-463
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• 2008

Purpose: We evaluated the incidence and malignant risk of focal breast lesions incidentally detected by $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT. Various PET/CT findings of the breast lesions were also analyzed to improve the differentiation between benign from malignant focal breast lesions. Materials & Methods: The subjects were 3,768 consecutive $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT exams performed in adult females without a history of breast cancer. A focal breast lesion was defined as a focal $^{18}F-FDG$ uptake or a focal nodular lesion on CT image irrespective of $^{18}F-FDG$ uptake in the breasts. The maximum SUV and CT pattern of focal breast lesions were evaluated, and were compared with final diagnosis. Results: The incidence of focal breast lesions on PET/CT in adult female subjects was 1.4% (58 lesions in 53 subjects). In finally confirmed 53 lesions of 48 subjects, 11 lesions of 8 subjects (20.8%) were proven to be malignant. When the PET/CT patterns suggesting benignancy (maximum attenuation value>75 HU or <30HU; standard deviation of mean attenuation > 20) were added as diagnostic criteria of PET/CT to differentiate benign from malignant breast lesions along with maximum SUV, the area under ROC curve of PET/CT was significantly increased compared with maximum SUV alone ($0.680{\pm}0.093$ vs. $0.786{\pm}0.076$, p<0.05). Conclusion: The malignant risk of focal breast lesions incidentally found on $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT is not low, deserving further diagnostic confirmation. Image interpretation considering both $^{18}F-FDG$ uptake and PET/CT pattern may be helpful to improve the differentiation from malignant and benign focal breast lesion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper was to study the issues related to converting the graveyards within forests into spaces intended for tree burials by means of planting, given the situation that the graveyards have encroached on land and damaged the environment. For the reason, a field survey was performed to determine the width, length, and distance to the nearest tree of 205 graveyards in the capital area. Through this, it was determined that the domestic lands damaged by graveyards amounted to $862km^2$, including the areas that were deforested to manage the graves. This only confirms that land encroachment by graveyards is a serious issue. The methods for making tree burial sites were examined from the perspective of how to meet public demands given the graveyard's spatial distinctiveness. As a result, this study suggested different methods to establish tree burial sites according to the degree of transformation and the term of its formation. This study also classified the graveyards into three types, and identified the planting methods that harmonized the safe growth of trees and the scenic beauty of memorial places based on the standard. This is in order to plant trees that are shade-tolerant and suitable to the forest line, along with which other tree line was and also, to plant aesthetic trees around the empty space. Through applying the developed methods, this study established and monitored two exemplary sites in Yongin and Boryeng. Aesthetic trees were planted in Yongin site which was located in an open area, aod the shade-tolerant trees were planted in Boryeong, which was located in a forest area. As a result, the image of a garden appeared at Yongin site and the image of a tree colony harmonized with the near forest emerged at Boryeong site. Therefore, it is confirmed that the method of planting according to the distribution status of neighboring trees was effective. As a result of monitoring, mulching wood chips were suitable for sites that were small or easy to approach. This is because the weeds were controlled in Yongin site by mulching. Furthermore, by monitoring the growth of 11 species of vegetation, this study confirmed that low and cover-type vegetations were suitable for tree burial sites. In Boryeong site, the wild cherry trees, which were planted as adult trees, all died, and the tilling of snake's beard, which were planted as cover vegetation, was slow. Therefore, this study found that seedlings were more suitable to plant in forest graveyards than adult trees, which were large and difficult to approach, and it was effective to use the remaining lawn and form a low vegetation after the crown of trees had expanded to such places.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.13-34
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• 2018

In this case, research has been conducted to verify that the purpose of establishing a reputation for establishing a reputation for identifying brand equity is research and investigation in the context of establishing a reputation for establishing a reputation, and conducting research on CSR activities that are essential to the essential activities of companies. The survey conducted a survey on behalf of the National Center for Adult Women and Girls and Girls ' Generation, using the final round of Section 305 to develop a series of findings, including the analysis of the feasibility analysis, feasibility analysis, reliability, correlation analysis, and factors analysis. A summary of the effects of research on corporate reputation on corporate reputation according to corporate CSR activities is as follows. 1st. Brand equity will have a positive effect on the Company's reputation. The hypothesis had a significant impact on brand recognition, brand loyalty, and perceived quality, but did not have significant impact on the brand image. 2st. Brand equity will have a positive effect on ethical responsibility. The hypothesis had a significant impact on brand recognition, brand loyalty, and perceived quality, but did not have significant impact on the brand image. 3st, the brand equity will have a positive effect on the benefit of the benevolent. The hypothesis had a significant impact on brand recognition, brand loyalty, and perceived quality, but did not have significant impact on the brand image. 4st, The theory that the influence of positive(+) will affect the company's reputation has a significant impact on both ethical and philanthropic factors. 5st. The ethical responsibility was found to have no effect on the usefulness of the brand between brand assets and corporate reputation. 6st. The philanthropic responsibility was partly attributable to the fact that there was a substitution between brand equity and corporate reputation. In sum, the company needs to prioritize its brand recognition before establishing its reputation, and the reason why it should be implemented is that the other elements of the brand equity should be evaluated with the presence of other elements of the brand equity, thereby ensuring continued compliance with continuous CSR activities. As a result, consumers expect to see the performance-based role of the company as a strategic and long-term perspective, as consumers want to see the CSR activity and the corporate reputation in a long-term manner, as opposed to the financial responsibility and legal responsibilities of the past, as opposed to the past.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.256-262
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• 2001

Objective：The enlargement of the lateral ventricle is well established finding in adult-onset schizophrenia, but in the patients with early-onset psychotic disorder(EOPD) is still controversal. To identify structural abnormalities of the lateral ventricle in patients with EOPD and difference of the brain developmental course in EOPD group, planimetrical assessment of the lateral ventricle was conducted by means of retrospective quantitative neuroimaging. Methods：The brain MR images of 14 patients with EOPD(mean age $14.0{\pm}2.1$ years) who met the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and 24 control subjects with simple headache(mean age $10.0{\pm}2.1$ years) were collected. Single best view for the lateral ventricle, one axial slice was selected for analysis. MR images were redigitalized with flatbed scanner and data were analyzed with NIH IMAGE software. Results：In the patients with EOPD, there were significant correlations between aging and lateral ventricular sizes and between aging and ventricular brain ratio(VBR). The statistical significance of normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricle was not observed for the EOPD group. The EOPD group had larger lateral ventricular sizes and VBR than control group, but these results were not statistically significant. Conclusion：These findings suggest that the brain abnormalities in patients with EOPD progress from the earlier course of the disorders and the course of brain development in EOPD group is different from control group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.528-531
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• 2004

Purpose: PET has some disadvantage in the imaging of small animal due to poor resolution. With the advent of microPET scanner, it is possible to image small animals. However, the image quality was not good enough as human image. Due to larger brain, cat brain imaging was superior to mouse or rat. In this study, we established the cat brain infarction model and evaluate it and its temporal charge using microPET scanner. Materials and Methods: Two adult male cats were used. Anesthesia was done with xylazine and ketamine HCl. A burr hole was made at 1cm right lateral to the bregma. Collagenase type IV 10 ${\mu}l$ was injected using 30 G needle for 5 minutes to establish the infarction model. $^{18}F$-FDG microPET (Concorde Microsystems Inc., Knoxville, TN) scans were performed 1, 11 and 32 days after the infarction. In addition, $^{18}F$-FDG PET scans were performed using human PET scanner (Gemini, Philips medical systems, CA, USA) 13 and 47 days after the infarction. Results: Two cat brain infarction models were established. The glucose metabolism of an infarction lesion improved with time. An infarction lesion was also distinguishable in the human PET scan. Conclusion: We successfully established the cat brain infarction model and evaluated the infarcted lesion and its temporal change using $^{18}F$-FDG microPET scanner.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2009

Purpose: Presently, any exact standard of radiopharmaceutical doses in pediatric nuclear medicine doesn't exist in the universe. So hospitals are following by manual of vial kit or guidelines of America and Europe based on recommended adult doses adjusted for body mass (MBq/kg) or body surface area (MBq/$m^2$). However, especially for children younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg, it's hard to estimate exact dosage for those children. Materials and Methods: In order to obtain objective data of multipliers for pediatric studies, we surveyed 4 major hospitals in Korea. After receiving feedbacks, we changed dosage to multiplier. And we compared multipliers of Korea to America's and Europe's. Results: Most hospitals in Korea are following by body mass formula (MBq/kg). On the other hand, standards don't include proper factors for a child younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg. Multipliers for 3 kg children who are injected lower doses than needed are America:0.12, Europe:0.09, Korea:0.05, multipliers for 30 kg children who are injected proper doses are America:0.58, Europe:0.51, Korea:0.45 and multipliers for 60 kg children who are injected more doses than needed are America:0.95, Europe:0.95, Korea:0.91. Conclusions : Through the survey, when calculating doses for children, usually output doses are based on adult doses adjusted for body mass (MBq/kg) but research has shown that standards of all of the compared standards don't reflect exact multipliers for children younger than 1 year and heavier than 50 kg. Therefore, we should give an effort to reduce needless radiation exposure in children by establishing a proper doses standard and also developing better image reconstruction software.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2004

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, especially school age children and persisting into adult. ADHD is affected 7.6% in our children, Korea. and persisting into $15{\sim}20%$ in adult. And it is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. Brain imaging is one of way to diagnosis for ADHD. Brain imaging studies may be provide information two types - structural and functional imaging. Structural and functional images of the brain play an important role in management of neurologic and psyciatric disorders. Brain SPECT, with perfusion imaging radiopharmaceuticals is one of the appropriate test to diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Ther are a few studies about separated analysis between boys and girls ADHD SPECT brain images. Selection of Probability level(P-value) is very important to determind the abnormalities when analysis a data by SPM. SPM is a statistical method used for image analysis and determine statistical different between two groups-normal and ADHD. Commonly used P-value is P<0.05 in statistical analysis. The purpose of this study is to evaluation of blood flow clusters distribution, between boys and girls ADHD. The number of normal boys are 8(6-7y, average : $9.6{\pm}3.9y$) and 51(4-11y, average : $9.0{\pm}2.4$) ADHD patients, and normal girls are 4(6-12y, average : $9{\pm}2.4y$) and 13(2-13y, average $10{\pm}3.5y$) ADHD patiens. Blood flow tracer $^{99m}Tc-ethylcysteinate$ dimer(ECD) injected as rCBF agent and take blood flow images after 30 min. during sleeping by SPECT camera. The anatomical region of hyperperfusion of rCBF in boys ADHD group is posterior cingulate gyrus and hyperperfusion rate is 15.39-15.77% according to p-value. And girls ADHD group appears at posterior cerebellum, Lt. cerbral limbic lobe and Lt. Rt. cerebral temporal lobe. These areas hyperperfusion rate are 24.68-31.25%. Hypoperfusion areas in boys ADHD,s brain are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. Rt. frontal lobe and mid-prefrontal lobe, these areas decresed blood flow as 15.21-15.64%. Girls ADHD decreased blood flow regions are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. cerebral frontal and temporal lobe, Lt. Rt. lentiform nucleus and Lt. parietal lobe. And hypoperfusion rate is 30.57-30.85% in girls ADHD. The girls ADHD group's perfusion rate is more variable than boys. The studies about rCBF in ADHD, should be separate with boys and girls.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2008

During sports activity, rectus femoris muscle can be commonly injured as the quadriceps contracts forcefully to extend the knee and flex the hip, and rectus femoris muscle has a high percentage of type II muscle fibers which enable it to produce rapid forceful activity and the muscle is the only biarticular muscle of the quadriceps. Avulsion fractures by the traction of rectus femoris from the anterior inferior iliac spine in children are often reported. Rarely, complete rupture of proximal musculotendinous junction of rectus femoris muscle in adult may occurs by chronic repetitive stimulation and may mimic soft tissue neoplasm in the case of no history of antecedent trauma. However, there has been no report of acute complete rupture of origins of the rectus femoris muscle during relay race till now. So, we report a case of acute complete rupture of origins of the rectus femoris muscle occurred during relay race in middle-aged man, diagnosed by magnetic resonance image and treated by surgical repair with review of current literature.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.77-79
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• 2004

To investigate whether BF-7, extracted from Bombyx mori, improved learning and memory of ordinary people, K-WAIS (Korean version of Wechsler adult intelligence scale) was performed in 4 normal students. Treatment with 400 mg of BF-7 increased mean IQ from 103 to 114. To know how BF-7 plays such a positive role, we measured the blood flow to brain, especially for the area concerned with learning and memory, with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPECT). Our result showed that the blood flow to parahippocampal gyrus and medial temporal area was increased. Also, our results showed the image representing the increase of blood supply in this area. So, our results suggest that BF-7 effectively help to use brain concerning with learning and memory.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2006

In oral and maxillofacial surgery, bone graft is very important procedure for functional and esthetic reconstruction. So, many researcher studied about bone graft material like autogenous bone, allograft bone and artificial bone materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quantity of bone generation induced by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft, human allogenic demineralized bone matrix. Total 24 sites of artificial bony defects prepared using trephin bur(diameter 8 mm) on parietal bone of six adult New Zealand White rabbits. Experimental group had six defect sites which grafted $Grafton^{(R)}$(0.1 cc). Active control group had nine defect sites, into which fresh autogenous bone harvested from own parietal bone was grafted and passive control group had nine defect sites without bone graft. After six weeks postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed. The defects and surrounding tissue were harvested and decalcified in 10% EDTA, 10% foamic-acid. Specimens were stained with H&E. New bone area percentage in whole defect area was measured by IMT(VT) image analysis program. Quantity of bone by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft was smaller than that of autograft and larger than that of empty defects. In histologic view $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft site and autograft site showed similar healing progress but it was observed that newly formed bone in active control group was more mature. In empty defect, quantity and thickness of new bone formation was smaller than in $Grafton^{(R)}$-grafted defect. $Grafton^{(R)}$ is supposed to be a useful bone graft material instead of autogenous bone if proper maintenance for graft material stability and enough healing time were obtained.