• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2018

POPS(Privately Owned Public Spaces) is one of the major component that vitalize the city by private sectors providing open-spaces to the public. It holds great significances and possibilities within CBD(Central Business District) which lack open-space and green-space. Despite of its importance, a large number of problems such as deficient accessibility for the public and being unpractical from constructing only with formality occur in existing POPS. POPS should be for both owners and public because it is a public space located within a private estate. To vitalize POPS, functions like "diversity", "accessibility and connectivity", and "usability" are essential. Providing diverse types of spaces makes dynamic city, and the spaces must have easy access by public and variety of functions. Managements by diverse types of POPS are necessary to improve availability and to provides suitable spaces. To make diverse types of POPS, advanced classifications of type and clear criteria are required. From aspect of accessibility and connectivity, firstly detailed instructions for the arrangement are necessary for reinforcement. Specific research on means of connection such as how many faces of POPS should adjoin streets and in which direction it should be facing should be applied. Purposes of POPS must be specified depending on the type of POPS. By connecting adjacent buildings with POPS, one of the main principal of vitalizing POPS, inflow of people can be increased. Accordingly, improvements of design guidelines in "diversity", "accessibility and connectivity", and "usability" can be suggested to vitalize POPS. With these concerns in mind, this paper analyzes problems of current Seoul POPS guidelines with three aspects.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.129-141
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• 2010

An Internet shopping mall for clothing operates a warehouse for packing and shipping products to fulfill its orders. All the products in the warehouse are put into the boxes of same brands and the boxes are stored in a row on shelves equiped in the warehouse. To make picking and managing easy, boxes of the same brands are located side by side on the shelves. When new products arrive to the warehouse for storage, the products of a brand are put into boxes and those boxes are located adjacent to the boxes of the same brand. If there is not enough space for the new coming boxes, however, some boxes of other brands should be moved away and then the new coming boxes are located adjacent in the resultant vacant spaces. We want to minimize the movement of the existing boxes of other brands to another places on the shelves during the warehousing of new coming boxes, while all the boxes of the same brand are kept side by side on the shelves. Firstly, we define the adjacency of boxes by looking the shelves as an one dimensional series of spaces to store boxes, i.e. cells, tagging the series of cells by a series of numbers starting from one, and considering any two boxes stored in the cells to be adjacent to each other if their cell numbers are continuous from one number to the other number. After that, we tried to formulate the problem into an integer programming model to obtain an optimal solution. An integer programming formulation and Branch-and-Bound technique for this problem may not be tractable because it would take too long time to solve the problem considering the number of the cells or boxes in the warehouse and the computing power of the Internet shopping mall. As an alternative approach, we designed a fast heuristic method for this reallocation problem by focusing on just the unused spaces-empty cells-on the shelves, which results in an assignment problem model. In this approach, the new coming boxes are assigned to each empty cells and then those boxes are reorganized so that the boxes of a brand are adjacent to each other. The objective of this new approach is to minimize the movement of the boxes during the reorganization process while keeping the boxes of a brand adjacent to each other. The approach, however, does not ensure the optimality of the solution in terms of the original problem, that is, the problem to minimize the movement of existing boxes while keeping boxes of the same brands adjacent to each other. Even though this heuristic method may produce a suboptimal solution, we could obtain a satisfactory solution within a satisfactory time, which are acceptable by real world experts. In order to justify the quality of the solution by the heuristic approach, we generate 100 problems randomly, in which the number of cells spans from 2,000 to 4,000, solve the problems by both of our heuristic approach and the original integer programming approach using a commercial optimization software package, and then compare the heuristic solutions with their corresponding optimal solutions in terms of solution time and the number of movement of boxes. We also implement our heuristic approach into a storage location assignment system for the Internet shopping mall.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-45
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• 2001

In recent years, clinicians' and dentists' esthetic demands in dentistry have increased rapidly. The ultimate goal in modern restorative dentistry is to achieve "white" and "pink" esthetics in the esthetically important zones. Therefore, modern esthetic dentistry involves not only the restoration of lost teeth and their associated hard tissues, but increasingly the management and reconstruction of the encasing gingiva with adequate surgical techniques. Interdental space are filled by interdental papilla in the healthy gingiva, preventing plaque deposition and protecting periodontal tissue from infection. This also inhibits impaction of food remnants and whistling through the teeth during speech. These functional aspects are obviously important, but esthetic aspects are important as well. Complete and predictable restoration of lost interdental papillae remains one of the biggest challenges in periodontal reconstructive surgery. One of the most challenging and least predictable problems is the reconstruction of the lost interdental papilla. The interdental papilla, as a structure with minor blood supply, was left more or less untouched by clinicians. Most of the reconstructive techniques to rebuild lost interdental papillae focus on the maxillary anterior region, where esthetic defects appear interproximally as "black triangle". Causes for interdental tissue loss are, for example, commom periodontal diseases, tooth extraction, excessive surgical periodontal treatment, and localized progressive gingiva and periodontal diseases. If an interdental papilla is absent because of a diastema, orthodontic closure is the treatment of choice. "Creeping" papilla formation has been described by closing the interdental space and creating a contact area. In certain cases this formation can also be achieved with appropriate restorative techniques and alteration of the mesial contours of the adjacent teeth. The presence of an interdental papilla depends on the distance between the crest of bone and the interproximal contact point, allowing it to fill interdental spaces with soft tissue by altering the mesial contours of the adjacent teeth and positioning the contact point more apically. The interdental tissue can also be conditioned with the use of provisional crowns prior to the definitive restoration. If all other procedures are contraindicated or fail, prosthetic solutions have to be considered as the last possibility to rebuild lost interdental papillae. Interdental spaces can be filled using pink-colored resin or porcelain, and the use of a removable gingival mask might be the last opportunity to hide severe tissue defects.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.37-50
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• 2021

Recently, due to the expansion of urban infrastructure using underground spaces in urban areas, many adjacent constructions and excavations have been made carried out between existing facilities, and complaints related to the stability of existing facilities due to close construction have become significant issues. In this study, it was closely reviewed for the existing metro tunnel structure in the new Dongbuk urban metro railway to determine the behavioral characteristics of tunnel structure according to adjacent tunnel construction. Also, it was analysed the evaluation of the safety zone and excavation method for metro tunnel structure. And after a detailed damage assessment, track irregularities and structural calculation by using a numerical analysis, stability of the metro tunnel structure according to nearby tunnel excavation was evaluated to be secured for safety. This study is expected to be applied as practical reference to review the evaluation of safety effects of existing tunnel structure and buildings according to adjacent construction in complex deep urban tunnelling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

This study investigated Chinese Laws on the kind of urban green spaces and the legal requirements for the green spaces of urban habitat and analyzed the specificities of them intending to provide basic data to suggest bringing in or not the relevant Chinese Laws to Korea. This study can be summarized as follows: First, the concept of Chinese urban green spaces(g.s.) classified by 5 kinds(park g.s., production g.s., protection g.s., attachment g.s., the others g.s.) placed the park and green spaces in the same category unlike the Korean urban green spaces that only distinguishes between park and green spaces. The Chinese Urban Park is classified by 4 kinds(composite park, community park, special park, linear park) at the 'Standard for urban green spaces classification' which is below in rank of the legal system. Second, in case of calculation for green spaces ratio of urban green spaces in China, the green rooftop landscaping area should not be included as a green spaces area except the rooftop of a basement or semi basement building to which residents have easy access. The green spaces requirements and compulsory secure ratio by 3 habitat kinds(habitat, small habit, minimum habitat) of when to act as a residential plan is regulated. Third, the green spaces system is obligated to establish at habitat green spaces plan and is specified to conserve and improve existing trees and green spaces. The green spaces ratio on reconstruction for old habitat is relaxed to be lower than for new habitat and a gradient of green spaces is peculiarly clarified. The details and requirements for establishment and the minimum area intending for each classes of the central green spaces(habitat park, children park, minimum habitat's green spaces) are regulated. Especially at a garden style of minimum habitat's green spaces, intervals between the south and north houses and a compulsory security for green spaces area classifying into two groups(closing type green spaces and open type green spaces) by a middle-rise or high-rise building are clarified. System of calculation for green spaces area is presented at a special regulation. Fourth, a general index(area/person) of public green spaces within habitat to achieve by 3 habitat kinds is determined, in this case, the index on reconstruction for a deterioration zone can be relaxed to be lower to the extent of a specified quantity. A location and scale, minimum width and minimum area per place of public green spaces are regulated. A space plot principle including adjacent to a road, greening area ratio against total area, security of open space and the shadow line boundary of sunshine are also regulated to intend for public green spaces. Fifth, the minimum horizontal distance between the underground cables and the surrounding greening trees are regulated as the considerable items for green spaces when setting up the underground cables. The principle to establish green spaces within public service facilities is regulated according to the kind of service contents. It shall be examined in order to import or not the special regulations that only exist in Chinese Laws but not in Korean Laws. The result of this study will contribute to gain the domestic landscape architect's' sympathy of the research related to Chinese urban green spaces laws requiring immediate attention and will be a good chance to advance into the internationalization of Korean Landscape Architectural Laws.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.237-240
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• 1998

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign lesion of bone consisting of a septated, cystic cavity filled with non-endothelium-lined, blood-filled spaces. As it grows, expanding and destroying the affected part of the bone by direct compression, the lesion characteristically produces a prominent bulging of the affected bone, which eventually erodes the overlying cortex. Patients rarely complain of pain unless the cyst affects adjacent nerves or its expasion is great enough to impinge on the surrounding joints and soft tissue. Teeth adjacent to the cyst may be displaced, but usually remain vital. Development of the lesion in the craniofacial region is rare, and the mandible is more often affected than the maxilla. Complete surgical excision is used to treat aneurysmal bone cyst, with either curettage or composite resection. This is a case report of 49 years old female with aneurysmal bone cyst treated with surgical excision & DFDB graft.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2009

A lightcourt design is typically used to address issues concerning aesthetics, feeling, and mood. From the view point of environmental aspect, as an ecological shaft space, it plays a key role in controlling inner quality. In particularly, the lightcourt concept allows the exploitation of daylighting by bring natural light into the center of the building, thus eliminating dark deep spaces. Additionally, the lightcourt shades the inner space in summer. The amount of light available at the base of the lightcourt depends on a number of factors; translucency of the top, reflectance and the geometry of the space. In this paper is to exemplify a lightcourt configuration with a sloped wall. It promises the maximized a sense of freedom and daylighting availability. It is a matter of course that the lightcourt with open-top plays a role as a light source for the adjacent space to the lightcourt. A series of lighting simulation provides performance data of daylighting with changing photometric factors. For the case that a skylight is not available, an electric lighting design with metal halide lamps has been established to create luminous ceiling. As expected, a sloped lightcourt with open-top exposes its superiority of daylighting source. Ancillary considerations to enhance of daylighting potential for the adjacent space have been issued with performance data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.115-141
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• 2011

In urban space, public space is publicly or privately owned space freely accessible by the public. Privately owned public space to the public hosts small-scale rest facilities to serve the public in buildings of certain purposes and sizes for the sake of pleasant urban environment. The Building Act and building ordinances formulate a set of criteria for management and easement of construction standards as well as the area. When creating privately owned public space, one can get incentives through the easement of floor space index and height limit. The purposes of this study were to investigate and analyze privately owned public open space, which is freely accessible by the public, and its adjacent streets and to propose plans to improve the regulations for securing privately owned public space for more rational and practical legal applications. The study then proposed some plans to help to increase the quality of privately owned public space including applying the coefficient to suggest the type of privately owned public space fit for the features of the streets and measure the appropriate utility level differently and distinguishing the mandatory items according to the facility regulations in privately owned public space from the ones qualified for additional points in case of installation. The types of privately owned public open space should be applied differently and the content of facilities intended should be different according to whether it will serve as a resting place or grant more importance on traffic by walking, depending on the features of its adjacent streets. The privately owned public space, the frontage space of building, and the adjacent sidewalks should become a whole and be regarded as one space from the integrated perspective. The results of the study claim further significance in that it investigated privately owned open space and roadside across Seoul. They will serve as useful data to solve the problems with the privately owned public space of the city, which destroys spatial continuity by focusing on the quantitative increase of privately owned open space and creating individual privately owned open spaces and builds high-rise buildings alienated from the existing spaces, and to increase the quality of future privately owned public space.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.481-493
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• 2011

As the development of mobile devices, mobile phones are equipped with many features. Video-call feature is one of them. In this paper, we present distance measurement between speaker and smart-phone using multiple color spaces and multiple thresholds. first, detect face based on skin color information. and second, measure distance between speaker and smart-phone using the detected face region. Especially, the first considering point in the development of face area detection is real-time processing and the second point is robustness to solve the problems of face detection errors due to rapid change of object movement, lighting and background between adjacent frames.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2019

This report introduces the structural design of Hibiya Mitsui Tower built in Tokyo Midtown Hibiya. The upper part of this tower is used for offices and the lower portion is for commercial facilities and a cinema complex which need the large open spaces. The 192m-high building has 35 floors above ground and 4 below ground. The structure is a steel frame using CFT columns to feature the high-performance oil dampers and the buckling restrained braces for vibration control. First, an outline of the structural design of this building is presented. Second, we introduce the transfer frame adopted to realize the large open spaces in the lower part, and the long column supporting the corner part of the high-rise building to avoid making a shade on the adjacent Hibiya Park, which are the feature of this building. Finally, we present an outline of the latest highly efficient semi-active oil dampers adopted in this building, and the vibration responses of this tower.