• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2016

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for estimating additional carbon emissions due to freeway incidents. METHODS : As our country grows, our highway policy has mainly neglected the environmental and social sectors. However, with the formation of a national green growth keynote and an increase in the number of people interested in environmental and social issues, problems related to social issues, such as traffic accidents and congestion, and environmental issues, such as the impact of air pollution caused by exhaust gases that are emitted from highway vehicles, are beginning to be discussed. Accordingly, studies have been conducted on a variety of environmental aspects in the field of road transport, and for the quantitative calculation of greenhouse gas emissions, using various methods. However, in order to observe the effects of carbon emissions, microscopic simulations must use many difficult variables such as cost, analysis time, and ease of analysis process. In this study, additional greenhouse gas emissions that occur because of highway traffic accidents were classified by type (incident handling time, number of lanes blocked, freeway level of service), and the annual additional emissions based on incidents were calculated. According to the results, congestion length and emissions tend to increase with an increase in incident clearance time, number of occupied lanes, and worsening level of service. Using this data, we analyzed accident data on the Gyeong-bu Expressway (Yang-Jae IC - Osan IC) for a year. RESULTS : Additional greenhouse gas emissions that occur because of highway traffic accidents were classified by type (incident handling time, number of lanes blocked, freeway level of service) and annual additional emissions caused by accidents were calculated. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a methodology for estimating carbon emissions due to freeway incidents was developed that incorporates macroscopic flow models. The results of the study are organized in the form of a look-Up table that calculates carbon emissions rather easily.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제37회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.863-866
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• 2011

최근 환경문제가 대두되고 정부에서 장려하는 녹색성장에 입각하여 비교적 저공해 발사체로 인정받고 있는 케로신-액체산소를 추진제로 하는 가스발생기 사이클 엔진과 다단연소사이클 엔진의 배출가스 양과 성분을 비교예측 하여보았다. 이를 위해 8톤급의 가스발생기 사이클 엔진과 다단연소사이클 엔진의 규격을 결정한뒤 배출되는 가스의 성분과 양을 CEA를 통해 분석하여 보았다. 결과적으로 전반적으로 효율이 높은 다단연소사이클 엔진에서 모든 부분에서 발생가스의 양이 적었다. 가스발생기 사이클 엔진에서 압도적으로 많이 발생하는 그래파이트 성분은 대기의 산소와 반응하여 2차 연소를 통해 부가적 오염물질을 유발할 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2001년도 제23회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.83-89
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• 2001

Most technologies of reduction process used in the heat treatment of existent metal products are related to metals applied to bolts and parts of automobiles, and nonmetal such as copper. Heating conditions and reduction gases produced in above processes depend on types of products to be treated thermally but heating systems employ electricity commonly and the reduction gases are separated into additional production equipment and a gas dryer and inefficiently provided into the system. Electrical heating system has the advantage of convenient temperature-control but is not economical because of disadvantages of high electricity-running cost and extra installation cost of a transformer. Accordingly, development of the system which has economical heating mode in which provision of reduction gas and heating conditions are unified is necessary for improvement of economy and efficiency in current reduction processes. This study aimed to develop a new advanced heat treatment furnace using catalytic combustion. thereby minimizing the cost during heating, supplying heat and reductive gas at the same time and controlling operating condition freely by changing electrical heating system to heating system by the gas combustion and regeneration of wasted heat.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.216-216
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• 1999

The usage of a stationary plasma thruster (SPT) ion source, invented previously for space application in Russia, in experiments with surface modifications and film deposition systems is reported here. Plasma in the SPT is formed and accelerated in electric discharge taking place in the crossed axial electric and radial magnetic fields. Brief description of the construction of specific model of SPT used in the experiments is presented. With gas flow rate 39ml/min, ion current distributions at several distances from the source are obtained. These was equal to 1~3 mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ within an ion beam ejection angle of $\pm$20$^{\circ}$with discharge voltage 160V for Ar as a working gas. Such an extremely high ion current density allows us to obtain the Ti metal films with deposition rate of $\AA$/sec by sputtering of Ti target. It is shown a possibility of using of reactive gases in SPT (O2 and N2) along with high purity inert gases used for cathode to prevent the latter contamination. It is shown the SPT can be operated at the discharge and accelerating boltages up to 600V. The results of presented experiments show high promises of the SPT in sputtering and surface modification systems for deposition of oxide thin films on Si or polymer substrates for semiconductor devices, optical coatings and metal corrosion barrier layers. Also, we have been tried to establish in application of the modeling expertise gained in electric and ionic propulsion to permit numerical simulation of additional processing systems. In this mechanism, it will be compared with conventional DC sputtering for film microstructure, chemical composition and crystallographic considerations.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

새건물증후군이란 새로 지은 건물에서 생활하는 사람들에게 눈이 따갑거나 목이나 코가 아프거나, 두통, 구토, 피부발진 등 증상이 나타나는 것을 일컫는 말이다. 새집증후군 원인물질의 주요 성분으로는 건축 자재나 벽지, 페인트, 가구 접착제 등에서 발생되는 포름알데이드(HCHO)와 톨루엔 등 휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs: Volatile Oragnic Compounds), 부유 박테리아, 곰팡이, 바이러스 등이다. 새집증후군을 저감하기 위한 방법으로는 환기에 의한 방법, 오염물질이 없는 친환경 재료의 사용 및 재료의 처리를 통해 오염물질을 저감하고자 제거하는 방법이 있다. 본 연구는 이들 방법 중 건축 재료 위에 표면코팅처리를 함으로써 실내 공기질을 향상시키기 위한 것으로, 건물 내 표면 코팅 전후의 공기질을 분석함으로써 실내 거주환경을 안전하게 조성하는 데 그 목적이 있다.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2013

화학적으로 안정한 과불화합물을 처리하기 위해서는 많은 양의 에너지를 필요로 한다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해서 저전력 아크 플라즈마 시스템을 개발하였다. 분해대상은 $CF_4$, $SF_6$, $NF_3$가 플라즈마 토치로 직접 주입되었으며, 아크 플라즈마 토치의 열효율을 측정하여 실출력을 계산하였다. 실출력과 폐기체 유량 변화 그리고 추가적인 반응가스에 의한 분해효율을 확인하였다. 또한 열역학적 평형조성 분석을 수행하여 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 토치의 열효율은 60~66%의 결과를 보였으며 폐가스 유량이 증가함에 따라 분해효율이 감소하였고 입력전력이 늘어남에 따라 분해효율이 상승되었다. 추가적인 반응 가스가 없이 $CF_4$, $SF_6$, $NF_3$의 분해효율은 입력전력이 3 kW, 폐가스 유량이 70 L/min인 조건에서 각각 4, 15, 90%를 보였다. 반응가스로 산소와 수소를 이용하여 분해효율을 급격하게 증가시킬 수 있었으며, 실험 결과 산소보다 수소를 사용하였을 경우가 분해효율 상승효과와 부산물 제어에 효과적인 것을 알 수 있었다. 수소의 경우, 발생되는 부산물은 불화수소산이었으며 이는 일반적인 습식 스크러버를 이용하여 처리가 용이한 물질이다. 수소를 이용한 화학반응에서 입력전력이 3 kW, 폐가스유량이 100 L/min인 조건에서 $CF_4$가 25%, $SF_6$가 39%, $NF_3$가 99%의 분해효율을 각각 나타냈다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.586-596
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• 2006

A 3-dimensional FDLB model with additional internal degree of freedom is applied for diatomic gases such as air, in which an additional distribution function is introduced. Direct simulations of aero-acoustic by using the applied model and scheme are presented. Speed of sound is correctly recovered. As typical examples, the Aeolian tone emitted by a circular column is successfully simulated even very low Mach number flow. Acoustic pressure fluctuations with the same frequency of the Karman vortex street compared with the pressure fluctuation around a circular column is captured. Full three-dimensional acoustic wave past a compact block like pentagon, furthermore, is also emitted in y direction as dipole like sound.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.952-959
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• 2022

Active construction work zones will result in longer travel time and/or longer travel distances for road users because of reduced speed limits and/or detours. This results in increased fuel consumption and increased emissions of harmful gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Sulfur Oxides (SOx), which causes discomfort to the environment and road users around the work zone. The impact of such emissions should be considered while designing work zones or determining the number of days the roadway will be allowed to be closed partially or fully. This study develops a methodology to compute additional road user costs associated with such work zones. To achieve this goal, a) an extensive literature review is conducted, b) a framework to compute emission cost is developed, c) emission rates are computed for all counties (95) of the state of Tennessee, and d) a case study is conducted to demonstrate the use of the framework to estimate the additional impact of emission because of the work zone. For the case study conducted, the emission cost was computed to be $10,653.60 for the duration of the project. State DOTs can account for such road user costs while selecting contractors using A+B bidding. Accounting for such impact of emission will also indicate the agency's willingness to consider sustainability as a part of the business practices.

• 대기
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2018

In order to monitor greenhouse gases including $CO_2$, various types of surface-, aircraft-, and satellite-based measurement projects have been conducted. These data help understand the variations of greenhouse gases and are used in atmospheric inverse modeling systems to simulate surface fluxes for greenhouse gases. CarbonTracker is a system for estimating surface $CO_2$ flux, using an atmospheric inverse modeling method, based on only surface observation data. Because of the insufficient surface observation data available for accurate estimation of the surface $CO_2$ flux, additional observations would be required. In this study, a system that assimilates aircraft $CO_2$ measurement data in CarbonTracker (CT2013B) is developed, and the estimated results from this data assimilation system are evaluated. The aircraft $CO_2$ measurement data used are obtained from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by the Airliner (CONTRAIL) project. The developed system includes the preprocessor of the raw observation data, the observation operator, and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation process. After preprocessing the raw data, the modeled value corresponding spatially and temporally to each observation is calculated using the observation operator. These modeled values and observations are then averaged in space and time, and used in the EnKF data assimilation process. The modeled values are much closer to the observations and show smaller biases and root-mean-square errors, after the assimilation of the aircraft $CO_2$ measurement data. This system could also be used to assimilate other aircraft $CO_2$ measurement data in CarbonTracker.

• 에너지공학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.252-258
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• 2011

Nickel fiber mat was investigated as a potential structured catalyst for steam reforming of biogas in the temperature range of $600-700^{\circ}C$. The activity of as-received catalyst was very low owing to the smooth surface of fibers. Pretreatment of the catalyst by oxidation followed by reduction under methane partial oxidation condition significantly improved the catalytic activity, although degradation of the activity was found during the reaction due to oxidation and sintering. This deactivation was retarded by supplying additional hydrogen in the inlet gases or by coating $CeO_2$ over the catalyst surfaces.