• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.809-814
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• 1995

The acute and subacute toxicity of fumomsin $B_1$ was evaluted in fingerlings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Dipping of fish for acute toxicity was performed for a period of 48 hours, and the $TLm_{48h}$ value(median tolerance limit) was more than 1000 ppm in common carp. Severe damages were observed in various organs and among them, clubbing of gill lamella, lytic degeneration and vacuolation of liver cells, and epithelial edema of renal tubules were relatively prominent. The most significant changes were hyperbasophilic foci of liver cells in subacute toxicity test and these can imply the possibility of hepatocarcinogenecity of fumonisin $B_1$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.369-374
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• 1994

The acute and subacute toxicity of fungicide folpet was evaluated in fingerings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio and goldfish, Carrassius auratus. Dipping of fishes for acute toxicity was performed for a period of 24h, and the TLm value(median tolerance limit) was 1.52 ppm in common carp and 1.45 ppm in goldfish. Severe damages were observed in various organs and among them, clubbing of gill lamella, lytic degeneration and vacuolation of liver cells, and epithelial edema of renal tubules were relatively prominent. The most significant changes were hyperbasophilic foci of liver cells in subacute toxicity test and these can imply the possibility of hepatocarcinogenecity of folpet.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

Objectives : Yukmijihwang-tang (YJT) is known as a tonifying formula for reinforcement of yin deficiency conditions. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of YJT in ICR male and female mice. Methods : We investigated the acute toxicity about boiling water-extracted YJT. The test article was orally administered once by gavage to 20 male and 20 female mice at dose levels of 0 (control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. Mortalities, clinical findings, autopsy and body weight changes were monitored daily for the 14 days following the administration according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration. Results : We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Single oral administration of YJT with different dosages, no animals died of the test drug. Autopsy of animal revealed no abnormal gross finding. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ value of YJT for ICR mice was more than 5000 mg/kg on oral route. Conclusions : These results suggest that no toxic dose level of YJT in mice is considered to be more than 5000 mg/kg. Consequently, it was concluded that YJT have no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in ICR mice.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2017

This paper aimed to evaluate the results of alternative acute toxicity test on 83 wastewater samples. Each sample was tested by traditional method (using laboratory cultured D. magna as a test organism) and alternative method (using Toxikit which can be purchased from a specialized company). The relationship between Lab. culture toxicity and Toxkits toxicity indicated good relation ($r^2=0.84$, p<0.01, n = 83). Number of samples which showed a small difference of lower than 0.5 between two test methods were 52 and they account for 63 percent of collected samples. In addition, these 52 samples had a lower average toxicity of TU 0.5 (Lab. culture method) and TU 0.45 (Toxkits method). Whereas samples which indicated big difference of test results between two methods, had a tendency to show higher toxicity. From these results, alternative toxicity test method could be applied to the official test method, if samples would have a lower toxicity less than TU 2. Also, Toxikit standard toxicant test results indicated $EC_{50}$ values between 0.93 and 1.68 mg/L and these results were considered as valid for quality control standard.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 1998

KH-502 (Flupyrazofos), a new organophosphorus insecticide synthesized by Korea Re-search Institute of Chemical Technology, was found to be effective against diamond-back moth(Plutella xylostella). This study was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of KH-502 in Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice. The test article was orally or dermally administered to the animals. Death, tremors, salivation, lacrimation, abnormal gait and corneal opacity were observed. Decrease in body weight gain was observed in all treatment groups. At necropsy, dark red coloration of lung, enlargement of adrenal glands and atrophy of spleen were observed. The oral $LD_{50}$ value was 372 mg/kg in male rats, 605 mg/kg in female rats, 186 mg/kg in male mice, and 115 mg/kg in female mice. And the dermal $LD_{50}$ was 4086 mg/kg in male and 3881 mg/kg in female rats.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.613-619
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• 2012

We applied several machine learning methods for developing QSAR models for prediction of acute toxicity to fathead minnow. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) method were applied to predict 96 h $LC_{50}$ (median lethal concentration) of 555 chemical compounds. Molecular descriptors based on 2D chemical structure were calculated by PreADMET program. The recursive partitioning (RP) model was used for grouping of mode of actions as reactive or narcosis, followed by MLR method of chemicals within the same mode of action. The MLR, ANN, and two RP-MLR models possessed correlation coefficients ($R^2$) as 0.553, 0.618, 0.632, and 0.605 on test set, respectively. The consensus model of ANN and two RP-MLR models was used as the best model on training set and showed good predictivity ($R^2$=0.663) on the test set.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2001

The acute oral LD5O toxicity values of isazofos, pyraclofos, diazinon and methomyl were determined for Japanese quail based on OECD guideline. The $LD_{50}$ of isazofos, pyraclofos and diazinon was 16.26 mg/kg, and 7.11mg/kg body weight In female respectively. And the $LD_{50}$ of each chemical in male was 21.44, 35.64, 8.28 mg/kg body weight respectively. Diazinon was the most susceptible compounds to Japanese quail in both sexes. The $LD_{50}$ of methomyl was 21.24 mg/kg body weights in female, and 28.28 mg/kg body weight in male respectively. Diazinon, isazofos and methomyl were more toxic In the female than male. The symptoms of poisoning were similar in quails administrated with each chemicals. The clinical sign in Japanese quail were ataxia, salivation, diarrhea, ruffled feather and convulsion at dead point. There were severe hemorrhage and catarrhal inflammation from duodenum to ileum In all compounds. In Japanese quail treated with organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, brain acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by 88-96. The recovery was not observed after 5 h in sublethal dose.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 1998

The acute and subacute toxicity of New Wonbangwoohwangchungsimwon (NSCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk were investigated in S.D. rats. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, rats were injected intraperitoneally with five dosages of 0, 500, 710, 1,000, 1,410 and 2,000 mg/kg. Body weights were significantly decreased at 500 and 710 mg/kg dose group in male and abnormal autopsy findings were founded in both sexes at all dose. Intraperitoneal $LD_{50}$ of NSCH was 1,088.3 mg/kg in male and 1159.3 mg/kg in female rats. In the subacute toxicity study, NSCH was administrated orally to both sexes of rats for 4 weeks as several doses(0, 320, 800, and 2,000 mg/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemical analysis, and other findings. Above data strongly suggest that no observed adverse effect level of NSCH might be over 2,000 mg/kg/day in this study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 1998

The acute and subacute toxicity of New Woohwangchungsimwon(NWCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk were investigated in S.D. rats. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test. rats(Sprague-Dawley, SPF) were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0, 540, 750, 1,070, 1.500 and 3,000 mg/kg. Body weights were significantly decreased at 540 mg/kg dose group in both sexes and abnormal autopsy findings were founded in both sexes at all treated groups. Intraperitoneal $LD_{50}$ of NWCH was 812.3 mg/kg in male and 872.3 mg/kg in female rats. In the subacute toxicity study, NWCH was administrated orally to both sexes of rats for 4 weeks as several doses(0, 320, 800 and 2, 000 mg/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemical analysis, and other findings. Above data strongly suggest that no observed adverse effect level of NWCH might be over 2,000 mg/kg/day in this study.