• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.515-522
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the total energy expenditure (TEE) and then it's relationship between degree of energy expenditure and physical characteristics of Korean 1,370 children. The values of total energy expenditure were classified into under 1,000kcal/week, 1.000~2,000kcal/week, and over 2,000kcal/week. The average TEE of boys and girls were 2,088.4kcal/week and 1,695.6kcal/week. When compared with children of under 1,000kcal/week, the boys of the 1,000~2,000kcal/week showed significant difference in height (p<.001), weight (p<.05), waist circumference (p<.05), blood pressure (p<.001) and girls showed in height (p<.05), blood pressure (p<.01), heart rate (p<.01). However, the boys of over 2,000kcal/week showed significant difference in height, weight, waist circumference, BMJ, and blood pressure (p<.001) and girls in height (p<.001), waist circumference (p<.001), BMI (p<.05), blood pressure (p<.001). For correlation between the TEE and physical characteristics, TEE had significantly correlations with height (r=.298, p<.001), body weight (r=-.331, p<.001), waist circumference (r=-.236, p<.001), BMI (r=-.252, p<.001), blood pressure (r=-.239, p<.001), and heart rate (r=-.226, p<.001) for boys and height (r=.236, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (r=-.310, p<.001), and diastolic blood pressure (r=-.180, p=.016) for girls. These results show that physical characteristics were affected by physical activity for boys while only height and blood pressure were affected in girls.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.15-41
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the BSCs of 642 firms excluding the financial and insurance companies listed on KOSPI. The analysis of financial performance through analysis of major financial ratios between BSC and non-BSC firms is compared with the input of human and material resources for business growth. We will promote the spread of BSC and examine the areas differentiated performance improvement. The analytical categories are manufacturing, service, wholesale and retail, and information and communications, which are 2,136 business years out of 2,378 final analytical samples. The results of the analysis are as follows. As a result of the analysis, among the four industries analyzed, the industries that showed the best performance were manufacturing. In the case of service industry, growth and activity were lower than those of non-adoption (NA) companies, but the operating margin was significantly different from manufacturing. However, market value was higher than that of NA companies, and R&D expenditures and advertising expenses were significantly higher than NA firms. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in profitability between the BSC and NA firms, but the market value was very significant. EPS is 5.22 times, BPS is 5.64 times, PBR is 1.3 times, and EVA is 35 times higher. In addition, R&D expenditure and advertising expenditure are more than twice as high as those of NA. In the case of the service industry, there is no significant difference in the growth performance from the NA firms. Activity indicators, BSC introduced companies are three times lower than both the total assets turnover and the capital turnover rate. The operating profit margin was high at 45.8% for introduced companies and 37.2% for non-introduced companies. In market value analysis, only BPS was 1.68 times higher. On the other hand, investment in welfare expenses is 0.2% of total assets, which is relatively low compared to NA firms. However, research and development expenses and advertising expenses are 2.1% and 1.02% of total assets, respectively, but they are relatively lower than those of NA firms. Unlike the manufacturing and service industries, wholesale and retail trade was significantly higher than the NA firms in terms of sales growth and total assets growth rate. In terms of market value, EPS and BPS were significantly higher, but the benefits, R&D expenditures, and advertising expenses were lower than those of NA firms. The information and communication industry showed lower level of performance than the NA firms in all indicators except cash liquidity, BPS, and EVA.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.658-685
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• 2016

In technology economic theory, technology innovation through R&D is regarded as a core element of economic growth. This research analyzes how R&D input factor (R&D as a percentage of GDP, total number of researchers, the proportion of science and engineering degree) affects GDP, economic outcome variable, through mediating variable (S&T papers, patent registration). The most effective variable among R&D activity variables is following order: the number of S&T papers (0.967), the total number of researchers (0.373), the proportion of R&D expenditure (0.191), the number of patent registration (0.049), the proportion of science and engineering degree (0.007). It is that the proportion R&D expenditure and the total number of researchers shows greater indirect impact through S&T papers and patent than the direct impact on GDP. This implies the importance of high-quality human resources training and the necessity of maintaining the scale of R&D fund or the importance on GDP. Moreover, S&T papers turns out to have the greatest effect on GDP and implies new outcome and value by sharing and expanding new knowledge and technology created by R&D

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate to the effect of regular exercise on nutrients intakes and energy balance related to food habit and nutrient knowledge of college women. This study was conducted from May to June in 2000. One hundred and forty female students made their three day dietary records by 24-hr recall method and one day activity record. The questionaires were designed to fine out food habit and nutrition knowledge status. The height. weight and blood pressure were measured and also body fat mass and lean body mass measurements were performed. The results obtained are summerized as follows. Average height and weight of E(exercise) group were found to be increased than those of NE(non-exercise) group. The percent of body fat and body fat mass(kg) in E group were slightly lower than those of NE group. Calorie intake of NE group was 1,664kca1 per day. This was composed of carbohydrate 60%kcal. protein 14%local and fat 24%local. Calorie, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ and niacin intakes of NE group were lower than those of RDA and calorie intake of E group was 2.313kca1 per day. This was composed of carbohydrate 54%, protein 13% and fat 31%. Other nutrients such as iron, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C were lower than those of RDA. Daily energy expenditure and physical activity of E group were 2,397.6$\pm$49.2kca1; 1,035.7 $\pm$36.5kcal, respectively and it was higher than those of NE group.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

Black soybean teata is helpful to preventing obesity through enhancing energy expenditure and suppressing accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue. The ethanol testa-extract of Cheongja #3 black soybean (ETCBS) is also have similar effects on obesity. So far, it is not clear whether the ethanol testa extract of black soybean can have effect on the characters of subcutaneous adipose stem cells such as proliferation, activity, and adipogenicity. The doubling time was different between subcutaneous adipose-derived stem (ADS) and visceral ADS cells. By the in vitro culture and passage, the doubling time was increased both of them. The shape was not different between groups and their passages were not cause the change of shapes. In the case of visceral ADS cells, the doubling time was 62.3 h or 40.3 h in control or high fat diet administrated mice, respectively, but not modified in subcutaneous ADS cells. ETCBS administration caused of increased the doubling time from 62.3 h to 84.2 h. ETCBS had suppressive effects on the cellular activity of subcutaneous ADS cells. The intensity of Oil Red O staining was very faint in 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ ETCBS treated groups. The amounts of accumulated triglyceride were also significantly low in 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ treated groups. From these results we know that the doubling times and the effects of ETCBS are different by the anatomical origin of ADS cells. It also suggested that ETCBS may suppress the differentiation of subcutaneous ADS cells into the precursors and maturing of adipocytes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.692-707
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to examine the effects of an integrated physical activity (PA) program developed for physically inactive workers on the theoretical basis of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Methods: Participants were 268 workers in three departments of L manufacturing unit in South Korea. The three departments were randomly allocated into integration (n=86) (INT), education (n=94) (ED), and control (n=88) (CT) groups. The INT group received self-regulation, support, and policy-environmental strategies of a 12-week integrated PA program, the ED group received self-regulation strategies only, and the CT group did not receive any strategies. After 12 weeks, process evaluation was conducted by using the measures of self-regulation (autonomous vs. controlled regulation), autonomy support, and resource availability; impact evaluation by using PA measures of sitting time, PA expenditure, and compliance; and outcome evaluation by using the measures of cardiometabolic/musculoskeletal health and presenteeism. Results: Among process measures, autonomous regulation did not differ by group, but significantly decreased in the CT group (p=.006). Among impact measures, PA compliance significantly increased in the INT group compared to the CT group (p=.003). Among outcome measures, the changes in cardiometabolic/musculoskeletal health and presenteeism did not differ by group; however, systolic blood pressure (p=.012) and a presenteeism variable (p=.041) significantly decreased only in the INT group. Conclusion: The integrated PA program may have a significant effect on increases in PA compliance and significant tendencies toward improvements in a part of cardiometabolic health and presenteeism for physically inactive workers. Therefore, occupational health nurses may modify and use it as a workplace PA program.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the entire world population in many ways. This study aimed to analyze the patterns of changes in eating, food purchasing and preparation, physical activity, and subjective health after COVID-19 outbreak by various sociodemographic factors and to understand the factors associated with changes in subjective health. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a representative sample from Seoul was used for the analysis. The data collection was conducted from September to October 2020. A total of 3,833 citizens aged more than 18 years old participated in the Seoul Food Survey. Descriptive statistics and generalized ordinal logistic regression models were used to understand the changes in health behaviors, health indicators, and subjective general health by various socioeconomic status. RESULTS: It was shown that the changes in household income, food expenditure, food consumption and physical activities differed significantly by age, education, occupation, income, weight, and food security status. Low-income and food-insecure households were affected more severely by the pandemic. Older age, household food insecurity, income reduction, increased home cooking and frequency of having instant foods, decreased physical activity and weight gain were significant factors explaining worse perceived health during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that focusing on older populations and low-income families with food insecurity should be prioritized during infectious disease outbreaks. In addition, the role of physical activities and instant food consumption in explaining perceived health should be investigated further in this prolonged battle with the pandemic situation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.4 no.4 s.16
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• pp.69-79
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• 2003

About 93$\%$ of domestic teal estate construction firms registered as the end of 2001 recorded net profits of only less than 500 million won(including firms in the red) for the term. As a result of having analyzed the ratios of sales costs and the structural ratios of sales costs for the past 10 years, it was found that there have been great changes in structural ratios of sales costs. Material costs and labor costs have gradually decreased, but outsourcing costs of processing have greatly increased. In order to find activity points which are fundamental to cost control, the methods of new activity based cost management have been pursued. The characteristics of real estate construction industry lie in the fact that contract prices (sales in) are fixed and amounts of profits differ depending on the use of costs. In order to create maximum profits from fixed contract prices, the new activity based cost management has been proposed. The control of operation budgets and management costs is designed to control their schedules and expenses in different respects. Operation budgets ate executed with specific activities and management costs are controlled as a form of material costs, labor costs, out sourcing costs and expenses which are details of expenditure. In order to execute them by using the methods of new activity based cost management, first of all, we have to analyze what activity drivers ale and how much added values such activities can create. It is considered as a method of cost management which is necessary far the survival management of real estate construction industry.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.365-374
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• 2015

The goal of this study was 1) to compare the physical activity between the normal(NO) and obese (OB) group at baseline and 2) to investigate responses of the physical activity to a 24-week walking exercise program in both groups. A total of 29 middle-aged women was classified NO and OB group based on the BMI($25kg/m^2$). Walking exercise was designed to energy expenditure of 500 kcal per day, with a frequence of 3 days per week for 24 weeks. Body composition(Weight, BMI, BF(%), Hip, WHR) were measured at the baseline and after the walking exercise program(24 week). Physical activity were measured during 24 week for wellness convergence in the digital age. In conclusion, the current findings of this study indicate that 1) physical activity is not difference in both groups at baseline 2) 24-week walking exercise program is an effective means of improving physical activity in both NO and OB groups.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.836-845
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• 1999

Background : Obesity is present in the majority of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and is considered to be a major risk factor for its development. A reduction in body weight has been associated with substantial improvement in the severity of apnea. However, a variety of treatment strategies for obesity have yielded limited sucess. This study was done to determine resting energy expenditure(REE) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and the correlation between the severity of sleep apnea and REE, and to investigate whether leptin influences REE and correlated with the severity of sleep apnea in 39 patients with OSA and 45 controls matched for obesity. Method : Overnight polysomnography was performed on all subjects using standard techniques. Measurements of REE were made using a Sensormedic Vmax 229 and a canopy system. Serum leptin concentration was measured by human leptin RIA kit of LINCO Research INC. Results : REE was greater in patients with OSA compared with controls, but there was no difference between the two groups on REE%. And also there was no significant correlation between anthropometric data, polysomnographic data and REE%. Serum leptin was linearly related to body mass index(BMI), apnea index, apnea hypopnea index and lowest arterial oxygen saturation($SaO_2$) but not related to REE%. Conclusion : This study suggests the followings. Firstly patients patients with sleep apnea have a pattern of obesity characterized by energy homeostasis at an elevated body weight set-point. In order to achieve a lower body weight in these patients, it may be necessary to increase energy expenditure by increasing physical activity. Secondly leptin level was not correlated with REE, suggesting that leptin may predominantly regulate body fat by altering eating behavior rather than calorigenesis. Lastly leptin level was significantly correlated with the severity of sleep apnea. These elevated level of leptin in patients of sleep apnea may be related to the obesity, however it needs further studies to determine the relationship between the severity of sleep apnea and serum leptin.