• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.184-195
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• 2022

Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods: This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results: After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation. Conclusion: The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dose-dependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2021

Globally, in accordance with the goals set forth in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, each country has established and declared a reduction target for carbon neutrality by 2050. The roadmaps for establishing long-term greenhouse gas emissions development strategies and setting reduction targets have been announced. As the international community accelerates the transition to the net-zero society, 128 countries have declared net-zero by the end of 2020, and the net-zero declaration continues to expand around G20 member states. In December 2020, Korea announced the "2050 Net-zero Strategy" to establish a foundation for simultaneously achieving carbon reduction, economic growth, and improved quality of life for the people through active response to the net-zero, and pursuing policy tasks in stages to do this. Comprehensive carbon management is insufficient due to the lack of comprehensive carbon management due to the departure from the areas of mandatory reduction, such as the GHG energy target management system and the GHG emissions trading offset system implemented to reduce greenhouse gases in Korea. Currently, there is no cases for estimation or calculation of carbon dioxide emissions for the Mine Reclamation projects. It is reviewed the standard methods proposed by domestic and foreign carbon emission calculation methods and proposed appropriate carbon emission estimation methods for the Mine Reclamation projects in this study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2022

KRAS activating mutations, which are present in more than 90% of pancreatic cancers, drive tumor dependency on the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Therefore, combined targeting of RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways may be required for optimal therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of combined MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling target inhibitors is unsatisfactory in pancreatic cancer treatment, because it is often accompanied by MAPK pathway reactivation by PI3K/AKT inhibitor. Therefore, we developed an inRas37 antibody, which directly targets the intra-cellularly activated GTP-bound form of oncogenic RAS mutation and investigated its synergistic effect in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor BEZ-235 in pancreatic cancer. In this study, inRas37 remarkably increased the drug response of BEZ-235 to pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting MAPK reactivation. Moreover, the co-treatment synergistically inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and exhibited synergistic anticancer activity by inhibiting the MAPK and PI3K pathways. The combined administration of inRas37and BEZ-235 significantly inhibited tumor growth in mouse models. Our results demonstrated that inRas37 synergistically increased the antitumor activity of BEZ-235 by inhibiting MAPK reactivation, suggesting that inRas37 and BEZ-235 co-treatment could be a potential treatment approach for pancreatic cancer patients with KRAS mutations.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.28-36
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• 2022

This study analyzed 284 K-pop song and dance cover short-form videos recreated by Chinese influencers uploaded on TikTok, to explore which reform factors of image similarity, language similarity, the extent of audience participation leading, the extent of lyrics or subtitles translated into Chinese, PPL disclosure, the length of video and the reputation of influencer affected Chinese TikTok audiences' reactions - number of "Likes," "Comments" and "Shares." The results showed that only the "reputation of influencer" was significantly affected the number of "Likes" which estimated as a relatively passive response, but the other factors affected the number of "Comments" and "Shares" significantly which estimated as more active responses. The more an influencer is perceived as not similar to the singer in terms of image the more comments were posted. And the videos expressed in Korean archived more comments and shares than those lyrics or subtitles translated into Chinese. This study is meaningful in that it confirmed the necessity of influencers in the globe diffusion of K-pop, by specifically analyzing the audience's reactions according to the characteristics of UCCs created by local influencers using short-form video platforms.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.14-32
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS: GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolism-regulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2022

The active ingredients of Napttegi Kong(GML, Glycine max landrace), a type of native rare soybeans, were identified, and an ultrasonic extraction method was introduced as an eco-friendly extraction method. Through the component analysis of the Napttegi Kong extract, the epicatechin, which was not found in conventional soybeans, was identified. For effective extraction using ultrasonic, the main extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface analysis method. Through the Box-Behnken design process, 15 experiments were conducted with the extraction temperature, the ratio of extraction solvent/solution, and extraction time as key independent variables. A quadratic regression equation for the two dependent variables, epicatechin content and total isoflavone content, was derived, and the coefficients of determination were found to be high as R² = 0.9939 and R² = 0.9844, respectively, confirming that the correlation showed high significance. The extraction conditions satisfying the maximum expectations of these two dependent variables were predicted. to be 40.4℃ of extraction temperature, 19.3 times of extraction solvent/solution, and 91 sec of extraction time. The expected value and the actual experimental value of the epikatechin content and the total isoflavone content were similar, so it was confirmed that this experimental method is a highly reliable optimization model.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.15-26
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• 2021

Recently, as the introduction of cloud, mobile, and IoT has become active, there is a growing need for technology development that can supplement the limitations of traditional security solutions based on fixed perimeters such as firewalls and Network Access Control (NAC). In response to this, SDP (Software Defined Perimeter) has recently emerged as a new base technology. Unlike existing security technologies, SDP can sets security boundaries (install Gateway S/W) regardless of the location of the protected resources (servers, IoT gateways, etc.) and neutralize most of the network-based hacking attacks that are becoming increasingly sofiscated. In particular, SDP is regarded as a security technology suitable for the cloud and IoT fields. In this study, a new access control system was proposed by combining SDP and hash tree-based large-scale data high-speed signature technology. Through the process authentication function using large-scale data high-speed signature technology, it prevents the threat of unknown malware intruding into the endpoint in advance, and implements a kernel-level security technology that makes it impossible for user-level attacks during the backup and recovery of major data. As a result, endpoint security, which is a weak part of SDP, has been strengthened. The proposed system was developed as a prototype, and the performance test was completed through a test of an authorized testing agency (TTA V&V Test). The SDP-based access control solution is a technology with high potential that can be used in smart car security.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.543-555
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• 2022

This study aims to identify the trends in 'Aesthetic Science-Education' research through bibliographic analysis and provide future implications for research in this field. To this research, 100 studies were extracted using the search function of the Web of Science provided by Clarivate Analytics. Detailed bibliometrics was analyzed using the Bibliometrix package of the R program. As a result of the analysis, the average number of papers increased from 1993 to 2022, and academic journals in which related papers were published were evenly distributed locally. As a result of keyword analysis, papers with top citations, author collaboration networks, and literature co-citation networks, Aesthetic Science-Education could be classified as inducing aesthetic experience by integrating art in science education, and categories using 'formalist aesthetic' and 'emotional response'. The implications derived from this study are as follows: first, the aesthetic aspects of science should be actively studied to emphasize 'Agency' and 'Active Learning' in future science education. Second, it is necessary to develop a new approach to science education by further utilizing the 'formalist aesthetic' of science in science education. Third, the aesthetic aspect of science can change the perception of the Nature of Science of teachers, pre-service science teachers, and students. Fourth, it is necessary to discover implications for utilizing aesthetic aspects in science education through extensive research on the aesthetic aspects of science for teachers, students, and pre-service teachers. This study is meaningful because it provides an overview of the 'Aesthetic Science-Education' research to realize the above implications.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

Objectives : Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays a central role in the inflammatory cascade by converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin. COX-2 is typically induced by inflammatory stimuli in the majority of tissues, it is responsible for propagating the inflammatory response and thus, considered as the best target for anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study investigated the modulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3, a principle active ingredient in Panax ginseng, on COX-2 expression in the brain tissue induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Methods : Because systemic LPS treatment induces COX-2 expression immediately in the brain, ginsenoside Rg3 was treated orally with doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg at 1 hour before the LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. At 4 hours after the LPS injection, COX-2 mRNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method, COX-2 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. In addition, COX-2 expressions in brain tissue were observed with immunohistochemistry and double immunofluoresence labeling. Results : Ginsenoside Rg3 (20 and 30 mg/kg) significantly attenuates up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissue at 4 hours after the LPS injection. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg3 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of COX-2 positive neurons in the cerebral cortex and amygdala. Conclusion : These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 plays a modulatory role in neuroinflammation through the inhibition of COX-2 expression in the brain and suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 and ginseng may be effective on neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.223-231
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• 2022

Covid-19, which has made a huge difference in our daily lives, has also brought major changes to our college education. As the class was changed from the traditional face-to-face class to a non face-to-face class, both teachers and students had difficulties in adapting, and problems such as the occurrence of academic achievement gaps due to non face-to-face classes were also raised. Therefore, this study aims to find out what attitudes students have toward non-face-to-face classes at universities caused by Covid-19. Accordingly, this study tried to identify the types of subjective perceptions college students have toward non-face-to-face classes by applying the Q methodology, and to suggest points for reference in the development and improvement of non-face-to-face classes in the future. Five types were found as a result of analysis using 30 P samples and 34 Q samples. First, learning efficiency-oriented type, second, class participation and communication-oriented type, third, non-face-to-face class active acceptance and utilization type, fourth, dissatisfaction type due to remote system and equipment operation errors, fifth, passive response type according to the situation to be. From the results of this study, it seems that it is necessary to develop an educational method for effective non-face-to-face class considering the characteristics of each type, and the merits of non-face-to-face classes, especially recorded lectures, in terms of learning efficiency, are evident. Therefore, even if face-to-face classes are conducted entirely at universities, it is believed that providing video-recorded lectures in class will be of great help to students' learning.