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The Inhibitory Effects of Alnus Japonica Steud. Extract on Melanogenesis (적양 추출물의 멜라닌 합성 저해효과)

  • Lee, Jun Young;Im, Kyung Ran;Jung, Taek Kyu;Yoon, Kyung-Sup
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.159-166
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    • 2013
  • In order to develop new skin whitening agents, we prepared the EtOAc layer (AJE) after enzyme treatment of 75% EtOH extract of the Alnus Japonica Steud. We measured their tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro and melanin synthesis inhibitory activity in B16-F1 melanoma cells. They did not show inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase but showed melanin synthesis inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. In a melanin synthesis inhibition assay, AJE suppressed melanin production up to 52% at a concentration of $40{\mu}g/mL$. To elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of AJE on melanogenesis, we measured expression of melanogenesis-related proteins by the western blot assay. As a result, AJE suppressed the expression of tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1) and microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF). Moreover, AJE increased the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). These results conclude that ERK activation by AJE reduces melanin synthesis via MITF downregulation and is subsequent to the inhibition of TRP-1 expression. Therefore, we suggest that AJE could be used as active ingredients for skin whitening.

Pharmacological Action of Ginseng (인삼의 약리작용)

  • 홍사악;임정규;박찬웅;차인준
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.66-93
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    • 1979
  • Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been known for more than EWO years. occupies a Particular prince in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The pharmacolgical investigations of ginseng, based on the scientific concepts and methodology, have been performed by many researchers through the past 50∼60 years at different parts of the world. The pharmacological action of Panax ginseng compiled from the numerous reports can be summarized as follows: 1. On central nervous system, the effect of Panax ginseng is timulatory in smaller doses and somewhat depressive in larger doses. From the psychopharmacological aspect, ginseng seems to increase the mental efficiency of man. 2. Ginseng has the effect tending to Protect organism from various physical and chemical stresses. 3. The growth and basal metabolic rates of experimental animals are stimulated by ginseng. Ginseng also prolongs the survival time of animals under adverse influences. 4. Increasing the physical and mental efficiency, ginseng postpones the onset of fatigue and increases the working capacities. 5. In the case of the intravenous administration of ginseng, a transitory and slight hypotensive effect is observed. These hypotensive effects seems to include that of a direct action and actions related to the release of histamine and/or serotonin by ginseng. 6. It is Presumed that ginseng lowers the elevated bleed ingar and cholesterol level. 7. Ginseng tends to increase the gastrointestinal motizity and tone 8. It is presumed that ginseng Promotes the iron metabolism and activates the hematopoietic factors. 9. Ginseng tends to stimulate the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and release of histamine and serotonin. 10. The toxicity end adverse reactions of ginseng appear to be nothing that warrants apprehension. 11. Anticancer erects of ginseng seem to be due to indirect action rather than direct action on cancer cell, by improving the host condition 12. Recent clinical trials of ginseng harts obtained sent good results, but Present trial is still limited in its range, so it is necessary to broaden the scope of trial covering many kinds of organs and diseases. From the above, although it appears that substantial advancements have been achieved in the studies on the Pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng there are many discrepancies noticed in the reported data. Furthermore the precise mechanisms of actions of ginseng are sometimes obscure, even unknown in other actions as the students stand now. The main reasons for this are considered to be that even though saponin has been identified at one of the active substances of ginseng, other components have not fully been identified and that the experimental approaches of the investigations varied with different researchers. Thus a thorough analysis of the chemical components and newer standardized concepts and metohds appear to be the pre-requisites for further study of the pharmacolgical effects and mechaisms of Panax ginseng.

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Inhibitory Effects of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino on HIV-1 Enzymes and Prediction of Inhibitory Factor by QSAR (꽃치자나무 추출물의 HIV-1 효소 억제 활성과 QSAR에 의한 활성인자 예측)

  • Yu, Young-Beob
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.22-28
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    • 2014
  • In this study, we conducted the anti-HIV-1 enzymes assay in vitro and its active components were predicted by QSAR in silico for the elucidation of action mechanism on anti-HIV of natural resources. The extracts of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino were tested for their inhibitory effects on the reverse transcriptase (RT), protease and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. In the enzyme inhibition assay, the methanol extracts of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino stem showed a strong activity of 32.5% on the enzyme activity to cleave an oligopeptide, resembling one of the cleavage sites in the viral polyprotein which can only be processed by HIV-1 protease. Moreover the methanol extracts of stem exhibited alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 26.1%. The methanol extracts ($100{\mu}g/ml$) of stem showed a weak activity of 13.4% on anti-HIV-1 RT using Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Sorbent Assay (ELOSA) method. However, all extracts of leaf and stem didn't exhibit the HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects with IC (inhibitory concentration) of $100{\mu}g/ml$ in HIV-1-infected human T-cell line. From these results, it is suggested that Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino extracts may possibly be involved in the inhibition of reverse transcriptase, protease and alpha-glucosidase but can't vitally concerned with the viral replication in vitro.

Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin (유전자 재조합 인간의 Thrombopoietin의 생리활성)

  • Kim, Boing-Soon;Naidansuren, Purevjargal;Min, Kwan-Sik
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.17 no.11
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    • pp.1497-1504
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    • 2007
  • To investigate the function and secretion of human thrombopoietin (TPO) in mammalian cells, hTPO cDNA was cloned using human liver cDNA, and recombinant hTPO (rec-hTPO) was produced in CHO cell lines. In addition, six N-linked glycosylation sites were substituted for Ala to elucidate the role of each carbohydrate chain. To analyze the biological activity, rec-hTPO protein was injected subcutaneously. Blood was withdrawn for platelet determination. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was also analyzed at the 1, 4, 10 and 24 hr after tail vein injection. Wild-type TPO (WT) was efficiently secreted into the medium. However, a hTPO mutant with 116 deleted nucleotides detected by PCR cloning was not secreted. The N-linked glycosylation sites had nearly the same expression quantity as rec-hTPO WT apart from mutants 3 and 4. The glycosylation site of mutant 4 appeared to be an indispensable site for hTPO secretion. Also characterized was the biological activity through an injection with rec-hTPO (10 ng) to ICR mice (7 weeks). The result of the blood analysis showed a considerable increase in the platelet number six days after He injection. To analyze the pharmacokinetics, rec-hTPO was injected into the tail vein (5 ng). The result was 200 pg/ml 1hr after this injection. Following this, it dramatically decreased and virtually disappeared 10 hours after the injection. Thus, rec-hTPO may be a treatment for thrombopenia by the production of the high active rec-hTPO. In addition, hTPO can permit the development of potent new analogues that stimulate the platelet value.

Gene cloning of β-mannanase C from Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-43 and characterization of the enzyme (Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-43으로부터 mannanase C 유전자의 클로닝과 효소 특성)

  • Yoon, Ki-Hong
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.54 no.2
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    • pp.126-135
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    • 2018
  • The characteristics of enzyme and gene for mannanase B had been reported from Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-43 producing some kind of mannanase. A gene coding for the enzyme, named mannanase C (ManC), was expected to be located downstream of the manB gene. The manC gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced completely. From this nucleotide sequence, ManC was identified to consist of 448 amino residues and contain a carbohydrate binding domain CBM2 besides a catalytic domain, which was homologous to mannanase belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5. The catalytic domain of ManC showed the highest amino acid sequence similarity of 55% with the mannanases from Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E (55.8%; 4FK9_A) and S. thermoluteus (57.6%; BAM62868). The His-tagged ManC (HtManC) lacking N-terminal signal peptide with hexahistidine at C-terminus was produced and purified from cell extract of recombinant Escherichia coli. The purified HtManC showed maximal activity at $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5, with no significant change in its activity at pH range from 7.5 to 10. HtManC showed more active on konjac and locust bean gum (LBG) than guar gum and ivory nut mannan (ivory nut). Vmax and Km values of the HtManC for LBG were 68 U/mg and 0.45 mg/ml on the optimal condition, respectively. Mannobiose and mannotriose were observed on TLC as major products resulting from the HtManC hydrolysis of mannooligosacharides. In addition, mannobiose and mannose were commonly detected as the hydrolyzed products of LBG, konjac and ivory nut.

Iron-Chrome Crossover through Nafion Membrane in Iron-Chrome Redox Flow Battery (철-크롬 산화환원흐름전지에서 Nafion막의 철-크롬 Crossover)

  • Kim, Young-Sook;Oh, So-Hyeong;Kim, Eunbi;Kim, Dayoung;Kim, Seongji;Chu, Cheun-Ho;Park, Kwonpil
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.24-28
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    • 2018
  • The redox flow battery (RFB) is a large-capacity energy storage equipment, and the vanadium redox flow cell is a typical RFB, but VRFB is expensive. Iron-chrome RFBs are economical because they use low-cost active materials, but their low performance is a urgent problem. In this study, the crossover of iron and chromium ion through Nafion membrane and the stability of Nafion membrane in HCl solution were investigated. The permeability of iron and chrome ion through Nafion were $5.5{\times}10^{-5}$ and $6.0{\times}10^{-5}cm^2/min$, respectively, which was 18.9~20.7 times higher than that of vanadium ion ($2.9{\times}10^{-6}cm^2/min$). The crossover of iron and chromium ions were shown to be a cause of performance decrease in Iron-chrome RFB. As the temperature increases, the crossover increases rapidly (activation energy 38.8 kJ/ mol), indicating that operation at low temperature is a methode to reduce the performance loss due to crossover. Nafion membranes were relatively stable in 3 M HCl solution.

THE EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF TI-TA-NB-BASE ALLOY (Ti-Ta-Nb계 합금의 세포독성과 생체적합성의 평가)

  • Cui De-Zhe;Vang Mong-Sook;Yoon Taek-Rin
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.250-263
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    • 2006
  • Statement of problem: Ti-alloy has been used widely since it was produced in the United States in 1947 because it has high biocompatibility and anticorrosive characteristics. Purpose: The pure titanium, however, was used limitedly due to insufficient mechanical charateristics and difficult manufacturing process. Our previous study was focused on the development of a new titanium alloy. In the previous study we found that the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy had better mechanical characteristics and similar anticorrosive characteristics to Ti-6Al-4V Material and methods: In this study, the cytotoxicity of the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy was evaluated by MTT assay using MSCs(Mesenchaimal stem cells) and L929 cells(fibroblast cell line). The biocompatibility of the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy was performed by inserting the alloy into the femur of the rabbits and observing the radiological and histological changes surrounding the alloy implant. Results: 1. In the cytotoxicity test using MSCs, the 60% survival rate was observed in pure titanium, 84% in Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 95% in Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy. 2. In the animal study, the serial follow-up of the radiographs showed no separation or migration revealing gradual bone ingrowth surrounding the implants. Similar radiographic results were obtained among three implant groups pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy. 3. In the histologic examination of the bone block containing the implants. the bone ingrowth was prominent around the implants with the lapse of time. There was no signs of any tissue rejection, degeneration, or inflammation. Active bone ingrowth was observed around the implants. In the comparison of the three groups, the rate of bone ingrowth was better in the Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy group than those in pure titanium group or Ti-6Al-4V alloy group. In conclusion, Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy revealed better biocompatibility in survival rate of the cells and bone ingrowth around the implants. Therefore we believe a newly developed Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy can replace currently used Ti-6Al-4V alloy to increase biocompatibility and to decrease side effects. Conclusion: In conclusion, Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy revealed better biocompatibility in survival rate of the cells and bone ingrowth around the implants. Therefore we believe a newly developed Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy can replace currently used Ti-6Al-4V alloy to increase biocompatibility and to decrease side effects.

Enhanced Grid-Based Trajectory Cloaking Method for Efficiency Search and User Information Protection in Location-Based Services (위치기반 서비스에서 효율적 검색과 사용자 정보보호를 위한 향상된 그리드 기반 궤적 클로킹 기법)

  • Youn, Ji-Hye;Song, Doo-Hee;Cai, Tian-Yuan;Park, Kwang-Jin
    • KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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    • v.7 no.8
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    • pp.195-202
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    • 2018
  • With the development of location-based applications such as smart phones and GPS navigation, active research is being conducted to protect location and trajectory privacy. To receive location-related services, users must disclose their exact location to the server. However, disclosure of users' location exposes not only their locations but also their trajectory to the server, which can lead to concerns of privacy violation. Furthermore, users request from the server not only location information but also multimedia information (photographs, reviews, etc. of the location), and this increases the processing cost of the server and the information to be received by the user. To solve these problems, this study proposes the EGTC (Enhanced Grid-based Trajectory Cloaking) technique. As with the existing GTC (Grid-based Trajectory Cloaking) technique, EGTC method divides the user trajectory into grids at the user privacy level (UPL) and creates a cloaking region in which a random query sequence is determined. In the next step, the necessary information is received as index by considering the sub-grid cell corresponding to the path through which the user wishes to move as c(x,y). The proposed method ensures the trajectory privacy as with the existing GTC method while reducing the amount of information the user must listen to. The excellence of the proposed method has been proven through experimental results.

Bioequivalence of Terbina Tablet to Lamisil Tablet (Terbinafine 125 mg) (라미실 정(테르비나핀 125 mg)에 대한 터비나 정의 생물학적 동등성)

  • Kim, Soo-Jin;Jeong, In-Seong;Cho, Hea-Young;Shim, Young-Sun;Jeong, Tae-Jin;Oh, In-Joon;Moon, Jai-Dong;Lee, Yong-Bok
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.133-138
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    • 2000
  • Terbinafine is an orally active antifungal agent as it inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, which is important in the early biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol. This leads to abnormal development of the fungal cell membrane. Bioequivalence of two terbinafine tablets, $Lamisil^{TM}$ (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and $Terbina^{TM}$ (Korean Drug Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen normal male volunteers, $23.56{\pm}1.75$ years old and $65.60{\pm}8.54\;kg$ of body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 125 mg of terbinafine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the serum concentrations of terbinafine were determined using an HPLC method with UV detector. The pharmacokinetic parameters $(AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max})$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets based on $Lamisil^{TM}$, tablet were -2.53%, -2.98% and 8.13%, respectively. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were 85.21%, 98.21% and 93.11%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})$ at ${\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20%. The 90% confidence intervals were all within ${\pm}20%$. All the parameters above met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Terbina^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Lamisil^{TM}$ tablet.

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Healing Effects of Squalene on the Epidermis in Burned Mouse (생쥐의 화상에 미치는 Squalene의 치료 효능)

  • Kim, Jong-Se;Kim, Jeong-Sang;Yoon, Jung-Sik;Choi, Young-Bok;Cho, Kwang-Phil;Kim, Jae-Sung;Chung, Su-Man
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.163-175
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this experiment was to know the healing effects of saualene on the burned mouses. The experimental groups were divided into seven groups: the control group, the burned groups, and 50 treated groups after burned. All groups except the control group burned with second degree on a dorsoanterior part. All groups that treated with 50 adapted three drops of pure squalene at 10 seconds interval; one time a day. The histological and ultrastructural changes during 10 days after burned were observed by light and electron microscope. Under the light microscope, all parts of epidermal layer of the burned groups were wounded deeper than the 50 treated groups. At 6 and 10 days groups with 50 treated, especially 10 days, the basal layer was greatly differentiated, and the prickle cells in the spinous layer were greatly increased in number. Under the electron microscope, the cell divisions of basal layer in all groups that treated with 50 were more activated and rapidly regenerated than the all burned groups. Especially, some fantastic results obtained from the 10 days group with SQ treated; much thicker spinous layer than the control group, many prickle cells, fine intercellular bridges, and healthy basal layer contained melanocytes. These results suggest that squalene may active the epidermis growth factor (EGF), acts as scavenger, and provide sources of energy in the membrane system. The results of this experiment consider that squalene has specific effects for burn healing and regeneration.

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