• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.13-16
• /
• 2018

Powdered infant formula is susceptible to oxidation in the presence of oxygen. Even though the product is usually packaged in nitrogen atmosphere, the oxygen ingress through the package layer may occur in case of flexible pouches and affects the oxidation of the product. $O_2$ barrier of the package is thus important variable to protect the product from oxidative deterioration. $O_2$ barrier property was investigated for aluminum-laminated small pillow packs of $3.5{\times}17.5cm$. Storage temperature and combination of primary and secondary packages were evaluated as variables affecting the barrier for conditions of empty pouch flushed with nitrogen. Apparent oxygen transmission rate of the primary package exposed to air was $2.32{\times}10^{-3}mL\;(STP)\;atm^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ at $30^{\circ}C$ and its temperature dependence could be explained by activation energy of $28.5kJ\;mol^{-1}$ in Arrhenius relationship. The additional secondary package of nylon/PE film containing 20 primary packages was ineffective in modulating package $O_2$ transmission and was only marginally helpful when combined with oxygen scavenger. The same was true in suppressing the product oxidation when the primary package was filled with 14 g of the formula.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.459-465
• /
• 2011

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein induces transcriptions of cytokine genes including IL-2 for T-cell activation. Normally activation of NFAT is important to induce immune responses but excessive NFAT activation provokes immunopathological reactions such as autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and inflammation. Thus, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases drugs repressing the activation of NFAT have been searched. In this study, immnunosuppressive effects of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts identified as a potent NFAT inhibitor from a natural product library were examined. NFAT reporter assay, MTS assay, real time PCR, IL-2 ELISA, MLR, and FACS (Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting) were used to measure inhibitory immunocyte activities of Rosa chinensis Jacq. The variety of natural products have been screened and some were found to show inhibitory activities against the NFAT transcription factor. Among them, extract of Rosa chinensis Jacq. showed an strong inhibitory effect on the activation of NFAT without affecting cell viability. Levels of IL-2 transcripts as well as IL-2 protein were decreased with treatment of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. In addition, immunosuppressive activity of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract was exhibited in the mixed leukocytes reaction. The increasement of CD4+CD25+ (Treg) immunocyte was also detected in the analysis using FACS after applying Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. Immunosuppressive effects of the Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts were clearly demonstrated in the present study. In addition, Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract also positively affected regulatory T cell induction. Further investigations in particular on purification of single substance responsible for the immunosuppressive effects from the extract and analysis on possible actions of the extract in interfering cell signaling and cytokine production will be needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.1209-1214
• /
• 2010

Reactions of 2-methyl-2-chloroadamantane (1) in a variety of pure and binary solvents have been studied at various temperatures and pressures up to 80 MPa. The sensitivity (m) to changes in solvent ionizing power of the Grunwald-Winstein equation, and the activation volume (${\Delta}V^{\ddag}$) are calculated from the specific rates. An excellent linear relationship (R = 0.997) for 1, log (k/$k_0$) = $0.80Y_{Cl}$ + 0.11, and the activation volume, ${\Delta}V^{\ddag}$ = -15.2 ~ -10.2 $mL{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ were observed. These values are similar to those for solvolyses of 1-adamantyl halides over the full range of solvents, suggesting that the unimolecular mechanism involving ion pairs is rate-determining. These observations are also compared with those previously reported for the corresponding 1-adamantyl derivatives and chloroformate esters.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.131-137
• /
• 2008

Crk-associated substrate (CAS) is a focal adhesion protein that is involved in integrin signaling and cell migration. CAS deficiency reduces the migration and spreading of cells, both of which are processes mediated by Rac activation. We examined the functions of v-Crk, the oncogene product of the CT10 virus p47gag-crk, which affects cell migration and spreading, membrane ruffling, and Rac activation in CAS-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (CAS-/- MEFs). CAS-/- MEFs showed less spreading than did CAS+/+ MEFs, but spreading was recovered in mutant cells that expressed v-Crk (CAS-/-v-Crk MEF). We observed that the reduction in spreading was linked to the formation of membrane ruffles, which were accompanied by Rac activation. In CAS-/- MEFs, Rac activity was significantly reduced, and Rac was not localized to the membrane. In contrast, Rac was active and localized to the membrane in CAS-/-v-Crk MEFs. Lamellipodia protrusion and ruffle retraction velocities were both reduced in CAS-/- MEFs, but not in CAS-/-v-Crk MEFs. We also found that microinjection of anti-gag antibodies inhibited the migration of CAS-/-v-Crk MEFs. These findings indicate that v-Crk controls cell migration and membrane dynamics by activating Rac in CAS-deficient MEFs.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.182-186
• /
• 2008

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is traditionally used medicinal herb that has anti-oxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether the extracts of SBG have the inhibitory activity in the osteoclast differentiation by using mouse monocytes RAW264.7 cells and primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Methanol extract (ME) from SBG was successively fractionated into methylene chloride (MF), ethylacetate (EF) and n-butanol fraction (BF). The activity assay for tartrateresistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and Western blot analysis were employed to evaluate the osteoclasts differentiation and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively. ME, MF, EF and BF significantly and dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast differentiation without the decrease of cell viability at the concentrations used in this study. In addition, ME significantly inhibited the activation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). In conclusion, this study firstly demonstrated that ME of SBG has the potential to inhibit the osteoclast differentiation through the suppression of JNK activation partially.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.4 no.1 s.9
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2000

To estimate the thermal characteristics and toxic parameters on styrene copolymers, We have investigated the activation energy, physical features and generation possibility of toxic material like narcotic gases. The activation energy was 25${\~}$50 Kcal/mol by the Kissinger's and DSC method at high temperature decomposition. It will be good information to estimate the possibility of fire occurrence. From calculations of FED, the values of $LC_{50}$ for PS, SAN and ABS were checked as 8,580, 265 and 308 $mg/m^3$ The mechanisms of thermal decomposition were mainly estimated by main chain scission, not by side group on FT-IR analysis.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.354-362
• /
• 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by abnormalities in T cell immunoregulation and hyperreactivity of B cells, leading to autoantibody production and multiorgan injuries. We investigated the effect of baicalin on aberrant immunoregulation in pristane-induced lupus mice. Mice received i.p. a single injection of 0.5 ml of pristane or PBS, and approximately 3 months later, were used as a pristane-induced lupus model or healthy controls. The pristane-induced lupus mice and healthy mice were randomly divided into three groups: healthy mouse group (healthy control), pristane-primed lupus control group (lupus control), and baicalin (BAC)-treated pristane-primed lupus mouse group (BAC-treated lupus). The pristane-induced lupus mice and healthy mice were administrated orally with BAC 50 mg/kg or PBS once in a day for 10 ds. These results demonstrated that levels of serum IL-6, LPS-induced production of IL-6, $PGE_2$ and NO by macrophages, $PGE_2$-stimulated production of IL-6 by macrophages and IFN-${\gamma}$ by thymocytes, and an overexpression of splenic NKT cells and CD69+CD4+ T cells were downregulated in BAC-treated lupus compared to lupus control, while reduced apoptosis of splenic CD4+ T cells were upregulated. Therefore, these findings suggest that BAC may attenuate autoimmunity and disease activity in lupus via downregulation of aberrant activation of T cells and inhibition of overproduction of IL-6 and $PGE_2$ in pristane-induced lupus mice.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.222-228
• /
• 2009

Lupus is characterized by immunoregulatory abnormalities between T- and B-cells leading to autoantibody production and multiorgan injuries. We investigated whether bamboo culm extract (BC) ameliorates aberrant activation of T cells and B cells and attenuate production of IL-6 in pristane-induced lupus mice. Lupus was induced by i.p. a single injection of 0.5 ml of pristane in female BALB/c mice, which, later about 4 months, were used as a lupus model. The pristane-induced lupus mice and healthy mice were injected i.p. with BC 5 ${\mu}l$/kg or PBS once a day for 3 weeks. These results demonstrated that BC significantly decreased levels of serum and BAL IL-6 and production of IL-6 by macrophages with/without LPS, and downregulated expression of NKT cell and CD86+ CD45R/B220+, but not CD80+CD45R/B220+ and CD69+CD4+ in the splenocytes in pristaneinduced lupus mice. Moreover, BC greatly increased Con A-stimulated production of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ by splenocytes obtained from pristane-induced lupus mice. Therefore, our findings suggest that BC may ameliorate lupus pathogenesis in pristane-induced lupus mice via downregulation of aberrant activation of NKT cells and B cells and inhibition of production of IL-6.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.7
• /
• pp.2895-2902
• /
• 2012

The Occupational health and safety is an important factor in the competitiveness of an enterprise. In this paper, activation strategies of OHSMS(Occupational health and safety management system) were systematically and quantitatively analyzed and suggested using SWOT/AHP(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threat/Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis. In these results, activation strategies of this system can be suggested as followings ; Making worker safety-friendly image of enterprise, developing the quantitative indices related to management results in accreditation programs of OHSMS, constructing the relationship between OHSMS and product safety management, and developing the customized integrated accreditation system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1998.11a
• /
• pp.145-145
• /
• 1998

In the present study, we have demonstrated that taurine could stimulate the production of nitric oxide and the activity of ERK2 (extracellular signal regulated protein kinase or pp42 MAP kinase). Nitric oxide(NO), the product of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), is known to be implicated in the metabolism of bone. ERK cascade plays a key role in the gene expression of iNOS in osteoblastic cell. We investigated whether taurine (l-20mM) could stimulate ERK2 activity, nitric oxide production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells. Nitric oxide was measured spectophotometrically as nitrite and the activation of ERK2 and iNOS was studied using Western 145 blot analysis. Taurine increased the production of nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner and the effect was reached to a maximum at 10 mM. The activation of iNOS were consistent with NO levels. The tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2 was increased by taurine in a time-dependent manner. The these result suggest that taurine might stimulate the production of nitric oxide in osteoblast-like cells by the activation of ERK2 and could regulate the metabolism of bone via nitric oxide.