• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7635-7647
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is modeling nursing competencies and reasoning out the core competencies, the ability for 20% of important actions for nursing jobs which can manage the rest 80% so that the competency-based nursing curriculum can be developed. A literature review of the vast studies regarding competencies was done to understand the concepts of competency-based curriculum, competency, and nursing competencies, identifying the relationships among each nursing competency categorized in accordance with those concepts. An exemplified concept map of core competencies for the competency-based nursing curriculum is suggested based on a thorough review of various competency modeling methodologies. The core competencies consist of base competency (theoretical/practical nursing knowledge and skills), practical competency (clinical judgment, patient education, communication, etc.), and personality competency (leadership, sense of responsibility, cooperation, etc.). The circular relationship among them can remain consistent through self-directed learning and critical thinking. Therefore, a nurse who have those core competencies is a knowledge worker, a self-directed learner, and also an effective, professional communicator. Further studies which solidify the concept of nursing competencies should be done, as well as the feedback procedures which evaluate the program outcomes and then reflect the evaluation results in the curriculum should be followed continuously.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2005

Background: Besides its general anesthetic effect, ketamine interacts with sodium channels in a local anesthetic-like fashion, including the sharing of binding sites with those commonly used by clinical local anesthetics. This study evaluated the dose related effects of ketamine during epidural anesthesia with 0.5% ropivacaine. Methods: Sixty ASA physical status I II patients, scheduled for minor elective surgery under epidural anesthesia using 0.5% ropivacaine, were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20 each). The patients initially received either 0.5% ropivacaine (group 1), ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) in addition to the epidural 0.5% ropivacaine (group 2) or ketamine (0.2 mg/kg) in addition to the epidural 0.5% ropivacaine (group 3). The regression of sensory block was assessed by transcutaneous electric stimulation (TES), equivalent to a surgical incision. Motor block was assessed using the Modified Bromage's scale. Episodes of bradycardia, hypotension and sedation were also recorded. Results: There were no significant differences among the three groups in the maximal levels of sensory block or the times taken for these levels to be reached. The mean times for the block to regress to two and four segments below the maximal level were significantly prolonged by epidural ketamine. Conclusions: Epidural ketamine prolongs the duration of ropivacaine epidural anesthesia. These results suggest that ketamine has local anesthetic-like actions.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.99-113
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to find out about the cause and adaptation process of urban households going to rural areas for agricultural management(Kwihyang nongga) through the microscopic analysis of a case study. Research results are summarized in the followings. The cause of Kwihyang nongga before the 1980s was generally due to the social causes like the support of dependent family or rural-to-urban migrants' maladjustment in urban society. After the 1980s, however, it was related to the economic reasons such as the increase of households' income by commercial agriculture more than the social ones. Most of Kwihyang nongga was traditionally the households which came back to their native places, rural areas. Recently the urban households which did not originally come from rural areas are going to rural space because of the cultivation of high profit oriented agricultural products. Recent Kwihyang nongga increased the size of commercial agriculture through leased farmland, not by a purchase of agricultural land. Even though the number of Kwihyang nongga is now a few, it is expected that the influence of Kwihyang nongga on rural society will be various and high because it consists of young generation. The increase of Kwihyang nongga may be one of the ways to mitigate the decreasing rate of utilization of agricultural lands due to the labor shortage of rural areas after industrialization. To solve rural problems related to underpopulation, it is necessary to establish the active plicies of helping Kwihyang nongga. The actions for Kwihyang nongga ought to emphasize the improvement of educational conditions and living facilities as well as financial aids and the improvement of farming conditions.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.98-113
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• 2015

In this study, spatial and temporal patterns and changes in seasonal multi-day cumulative extreme precipitation events defined by maximum 1~5 days cumulative extreme precipitation observed at 61 weather stations in the Republic of Korea for the recent 40 years(1973~2012) are examined. It is demonstrated that the magnitude of multi-day cumulative extreme precipitation events is greatest in summer, while their sensitivity relative to the variations of seasonal total precipitation is greatest in fall. According to analyses of linear trends in the time series data, the most noticeable increases in the magnitude of multi-day cumulative extreme precipitation events are observable in summer with coherences amongst 1~5 days cumulative extreme precipitation events. In particular, the regions with significant increases include Gyeonggi province, western Gangwon province and Chungcheong province, and as the period for the accumulation of extreme precipitation increases from 1 day to 5 days, the regions with significantly-increasing trends are extended to the Sobaek mountain ridge. It is notable that at several scattered stations, the increases of 1~2 days cumulative extreme precipitation events are observed even in winter. It is also observed that most distinct increasing tendency of the ratio of these multi-day cumulative extreme precipitation to seasonal total precipitation appears in winter. These results indicate that proactive actions are needed for spatial and temporal changes in not only summer but also other seasonal multi-day cumulative extreme precipitation events in Korea.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2006

Ginseng is the best known and most popular herbal medicine used worldwide. In spite of reported beneficial effects of ginseng on the CNS, there is few scientific evidences established at the cellular level. Among more than 30 ginsenosides, Rb1 and Rg1, the active ingredients of ginseng, are regarded as the main compounds responsible for many pharmaceutical actions of ginseng. Daily treatment with Rb1 or Rg1 for 3 d significantly decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)(+) cells in primary neural progenitor cells(NPCs) isolated from hippocampi at embryonic day 16.5(E16.5). In contrast, treatment with Rb1 or Rg1 greatly increased the number of microtubule associated protein(MAP2) (+) cells. In addition, the transcription factors, Ngn1 and Hes1, proneural members of the basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH) family, significantly increased in Rb1 or Rg1 treated-NPCs. Based on these results, we suggest for the first time that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 decrease proliferation but promote neuronal differentiation of hippocampal NPCs.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.36
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• pp.643-667
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• 2014

Recently, shooting photographs have become highly popular among general public and been used by various media such as digital camera, mobile, and kiosk. We could find that users prefer to Funology which is combined by fun and hardware technology on emotional point of view. Shooting photographs attracts user participation and makes effect of design to expand. The goal of this study is to classify user actions in a electronic kiosk which includes digital photography function based on the perspective of Funology and to bulit user behaviors model. Therefore user group model will be defined, and then interaction design guidelines of shooting photographs will be proposed. For this research, first of all, the concepts of Funology and user interaction with taking photographs are classified to three types which is based on literature investigation. Secondly, "Phodosee" kiosk is examined with Funology design elements which have been categorized beforehand. Then user's behaviors which are shown their interaction with "Phodosee" kiosk are observed and analyzed using video ethnography based on Funology perspectives. Finally, four persona models are suggested based on user's behaviors as follows; 1) to avoid being taken photography, 2) to try to shoot photography, 3) to participate shooting photography and 4) to lead others to take photography. To summarize this study, effects and limitations of Funology design elements using digital photography are discussed and guideline is suggested to improve user experience design.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.226-236
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• 2012

In the present work, the influence of prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on adhesion to Caco-2 cells, viability, acid and bile tolerance, antibacterial, antioxidant, enzymatic, and metabolic activities of the probiotic starters Lactobacillus acidophilus GK20 and Lactobacillus paracasei GK74, has been explored. Experiments were conducted with fermented yoghurt over a period of 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$. When compared to control fermentations without prebiotic, the addition of FOS was seen to significantly (p<0.05) increase the viable cell counts of the probiotics, overall viscosity, and concurrently reduce the pH of the fermented yoghurts. Both Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 were inhibited by the probiotics' antibacterial activities, while the synbiotic yoghurt containing mixed probiotics and FOS was noted to highly improve antagonistic action. When fermented with mixed starters, the addition of FOS (1.0%) resulted in the highest proteolytic ($1.06{\pm}0.06$ unit) and ${\beta}$-galactosidase activities ($20.14{\pm}0.31$ unit). However, FOS did not affect acid and bile tolerance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells or the antioxidant activity of the probiotics, although both L. acidophilus GK20 and L. paracasei GK74 had functionality as probiotic strains. Hence, a significant synbiotic effect was observed in fermented yoghurt after 7 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, and as a result, such synbiotic yoghurt can be said to possess synergistic actions which improve the gastrointestinal environment and promote of health.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.30-43
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• 2003

The geography, circulation pattern, and ecology show that the semi-closed seas of Northwest Pacific be managed as one complete system. Ongoing multilateral cooperative efforts relevant to marine environmental protection in the Northwest Pacific area, include the Working Group for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) established under the auspices of WNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commissions, the UNDP/GEF Programme on Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in East Asian Seas (PEMSEA), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization(PICES), and the United Nations Environment Programme(WNEP)'s Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP). The present report firstly describes the current situations on the existing regional cooperative regimes for marine environmental conservation in the Northwest Pacific region, with a special respect to the Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP) which was adopted in 1994 by Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation. Then, problems of the existing regimes are also discussed, together with the suggestion of the possible solutions, focusing on NOWPAP. Suggestions include: 1) the Northeast Asian countries should understand the importance of legally-binding regional convention, and should build up any legally-binding instrument which can function as a big umbrella for real regional cooperation without prejudice to the rights of the States, 2) At present stage, it will be possible to make a regional convention flexible without prejudice to the sovereign right of the States or territorial issues; 3) taking into account that the region often faces many generic political problems that often inhibit the effective collective actions on environmental issues, the leadership from UNEP or other international organizations is required; 4) strong institutional and financial framework should be made, and 5) multilateral efforts to respond to the new marine environmental threats should be taken at the regional level in order to protect the coastal and marine environments in the Northwest Pacific.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.171-182
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• 1999

This study aims to clarify the nature and properties of multimedia interface design, and to identify direction of multimedia interface design research. It also focuses on forecasting boundaries and major trends in current researches on multimedia interface design. The two jargons, 'interface' and 'interaction', are distinguished clearly to show the definition and boundary of multimedia interface. The multidisciplinary nature of multimedia interface design is identified as a result of examination and analysis on major researches. Nine research cases have been selected and categorized into two directions as the theoretical approach and the technical approach. Major characteristics of each case are examined in terms of subjects and methodologies. Findings on current states of the multimedia interface design research are: $\circled1$increasing importance of contextuality; $\circled2$emerging tendency for perceiving the content as one of interacting subjects; $\circled3$providing idiomatic interface context; and $\circled4$paying much attention to the meaning of minor actions. Those findings can be possible as a result of expansion of boundary of multimedia content with rapid distribution of multimedia in recent years. The study concludes that further researches can be activated on the basis of the concept of content-based multimedia interface.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2006

Endogenous 84 amino acid parathyroid hormone(PTH) is synthesized as a pre-pro hormone by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. Physiological actions of PTH include regulation of bone metabolism, renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, and intestinal calcium absorption. In addition, PTH stimulates new bone formation by extraordinary stimulation of osteoblastic activity and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidney. In this study, we constructed and tested retrovirus vectors designed to express the human parathyroid hormone(hPTH) gene under the control of the tetracycline-inducible promoters. To increase the hPTH gene expression at turn-on state, woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element(WPRE) sequence was also introduced into retrovirus vector at downstream region of either the hPTH gene or the sequence encoding reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator(rtTA). Transformed primary culture cells(porcine fetal fibroblast, PFF, chicken embryonic fibroblast, CEF) were cultured in the medium supplemented with or without doxycycline(tetracycline derivative) for 48 hours, and induction efficiency was measured by comparing the hPTH gene expression level using two step RT-PCR and ELISA Higher hPTH expression($3{\tims}10^4\;pg/ml,\;5.3{\times}10^4\;pg/ml$) and tighter expression control(up to 8 fold) were observed from the vector in which the WPRE sequence was placed at downstream of the hPTH gene. The resulting tetracycline inducible vector system may be helpful in solving serious physiological disturbance problems which have been a major obstacle in successful production of transgenic animals.