• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2024

The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate whether office hysteroscopy (OH) can be used to assess the mechanisms of action of progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs), diagnose possible local causes of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and support the treatment plan of symptomatic patients using POCs compared with those who do not use hormones. The study included 140 women who were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 70 women who used POCs, whereas group B consisted of 70 women who did not use hormones. They were successively examined using transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS), OH, and endometrial sampling. The TVS results were consistent with those of OH and histopathology. The changes in endometrial thickness and vasculature, as well as fallopian tube (FT) functions, were significantly more pronounced in POC users than in non-POC users. There was a significant reduction in the peristalsis of the proximal part of the FT, as well as a reduction in the bubble flow test in group A compared with group B. In addition, the combination of peristalsis and the bubble flow test (Darwishscope test) was significantly lower in group A. It was concluded that using OH as a simple diagnostic tool in women with POCs would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of endometrial and FT effects and explain some local endometrial causes of AUB. This ensures that the combination of TVS and OH would limit routine endometrial sampling in POCs users.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.82-95
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• 2024

Analyzing the aftermath of events at domestic nuclear power plants brings in the question: "Why do workers not comply with the prescribed procedures?" The current investigation of nuclear power plant events identifies their reasons considering the factors affecting the workers' behaviors. However, there are some complications to it: in addition to confirming the action such as an error or a violation, there is a limit to identifying the intention of the actor. To overcome this limitation, the study analyzed and examined the reasons for non-compliance identified in nuclear power plant events by Reason's rule-related behavior classification. For behavior analysis, I selected unit behaviors for events that are related to human and organizational factors and occurred at domestic nuclear power plants since 2017, and then I applied the rule-related behavior classification introduced by Reason (2008). This allowed me to identify the intentions by classifying unit behaviors according to quality and compliance with the rules. I also identified the factors that influenced unit behaviors. The analysis showed that most often, non-compliance only pursued personal goals and was based on inadequate risk appraisal. On the other hand, the analysis identified cases where it was caused by such factors as poorly written procedures or human system interfaces. Therefore, the probability of non-compliance can be reduced if these factors are properly addressed. Unlike event investigation techniques that struggle to identify the reasons for employee behavior, this study provides a new interpretation of non-compliance in nuclear power plant events by examining workers' intentions based on the concept of rule-related behavior classification.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.9 no.spc
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• pp.107-122
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• 2003

The object of this study is to evaluate the prevailing physical and psychosocial conditions regarding occupational low back injury. This study consists of two parts. In the first part of the study, analytic biomechanical model and NIOSH guidelines are applied to evaluate risk levels of low back injury for automobile assembly jobs. Total of 246 workers are analysed. There are 20 jobs having greater back compressive forces than 300kg at L5/S1. Also, there are 44 jobs over Action Limit with respect to 1981 NIOSH guidelines. The relationship between psychosocial factors and low back injury was examined in the second part of the study. A battery of questionnaires concerning the psychosocial stress based on PWI (Psychosocial Well-being Index) and musculoskeletal pain symptoms at low back was completed by 246 workers at the same plant. Results showed that 207 out 246 workers experienced the symptoms and 27 workers were diagnosed as patients. Two groups(low stressed, high stressed) based on PWI score had no significant relationships with both symptoms and results of diagnosis. The relationships between physical work load and psychosocial stress were also analysed. Specifically, some postural factors(vertical deviation angle of forearm, horizontal deviation angle of upperarm, vertical deviation angle of thigh, etc) were highly correlated with psychosocial stress. The results illustrated that PWI scores were associated with some physical workloads. However, psychosocial stress levels couldn't be well related with the pain symptom as well as the actual incidence of low back injury since pain or discomfort regarding low back injury were more complex than that of other musculoskeletal disorders.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.3-41
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• 2016

This paper reviews the problems on the arbitral awards enforcement in the 2016 Korean Arbitration Act. In order to get easy and rapid enforcement of the arbitral awards, the new arbitration act changed the enforcement procedure from an enforcement judgement procedure to an enforcement decision procedure. However, like the old arbitration act, the new act is still not arbitration friendly. First of all, there are various problems in the new act because it does not approve that an arbitral award can be a schuldtitel (title of enforcement) of which the arbitral award can be enforced. In this paper, several problems of the new act are discussed: effect of arbitral award, approval to res judicata of enforcement decision, different trial process and result for same ground, possibility of abuse of litigation for setting aside arbitral awards and delay of enforcement caused by setting aside, infringement of arbitration customer's right to be informed, and non-internationality of enforcement of interim measures of protection, inter alia. The new arbitration act added a proviso on article 35 (Effect of Arbitral Awards). According to article 35 of the old arbitration act, arbitral awards shall have the same effect on the parties as the final and conclusive judgement of the court. The proviso of article 35 in the new act can be interpret two ways: if arbitral awards have any ground of refusal of recognition or enforcement according to article 38, the arbitral awards do not have the same effect on the parties as the final and conclusive judgement of the court; if arbitral awards have not recognised or been enforced according to article 38, the arbitral awards do not have the same effect on the parties as the final and conclusive judgement of the court. In the case of the former, the parties cannot file action for setting aside arbitral awards in article 36 to the court, and this is one of the important problems of the new act. In the new act, same ground of setting aside arbitral awards can be tried in different trial process with or without plead according to article 35 and 37. Therefore, progress of enforcement decision of arbitral awards can be blocked by the action of setting aside arbitral awards. If so, parties have to spend their time and money to go on unexpected litigation. In order to simplify enforcement procedure of arbitral awards, the new act changed enforcement judgement procedure to enforcement decision procedure. However, there is still room for the court to hear a case in the same way of enforcement judgement procedure. Although the new act simplifies enforcement procedure by changing enforcement judgement procedure to enforcement decision procedure, there still remains action of setting aside arbitral awards, so that enforcement of arbitral awards still can be delayed by it. Moreover, another problem exists in that the parties could have to wait until a seventh trial (maximum) for a final decision. This result in not good for the arbitration system itself in the respect of confidence as well as cost. If the arbitration institution promotes to use arbitration by emphasizing single-trial system of arbitration without enough improvement of enforcement procedure in the arbitration system, it would infringe the arbitration customer's right to be informed, and further raise a problem of legal responsibility of arbitration institution. With reference to enforcement procedure of interim measures of protection, the new act did not provide preliminary orders, and moreover limit the court not to recognize interim measures of protection done in a foreign country. These have a bad effect on the internationalization of the Korean arbitration system.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.197-224
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• 2020

This paper reviews and criticizes some issues as to the case of A and Others v. Finnair Oyj [2020] Case C-832/18 by examining EU Regulations and practical point of views. Under this case, the travellers brought an action against Finnair in light of the Air Passenger Regulation12, seeking compensation for both the first cancelled flight, and the delayed re-routed flight. Finnair had paid the first compensation, but refused to grant the second claim, arguing that the regulation did not set out that passengers were eligible for a second claim in those situations, and that the delay of the second flight was a consequence of 'extraordinary circumstances' under the regulation. The Court of Appeal in Helsinki has asked the CJEU whether an air passenger is entitled to a further compensation where a re-routed flight they have agreed to take is delayed, where both the original and rerouted flight are operated by the same air carrier. The CJEU held that the regulation does not in any way limit the rights of passengers where they find their flights being re-routed. As such, under earlier CJEU case law, the relevant travellers here were entitled to compensation for cancellation of the first flight and delay of the second flight. It also disagreed with Finnair's assessment that the technical failure in the re-routing flight was a matter of extraordinary circumstances.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2000

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the hygienic status of university foodservice operation by using conventional swabbing technique plus standard plate count and ATP bioluminescence assay. The results of the study were as follows: 1) For all kitchen boards, knives, feeding trays, and dish towels tested, there was an overall agreement at 84.7% level between the results obtained using ATP bioluminescence and plate count when using a pass/fail cut-off of 3$\times$ control values for ATP assay and 40 CFU(colony forming unit)/㎠ for plate count. 2) The agrement rate between ATP assay and standard plate count was 87.5% for the samples before use, 29.2% for those during use, and 42.7% for those after cleaning and sanitizing. 3) The plate counts of three university foodservice operations for kitchen board, kitchen knife, feeding tray and dish towel were within the acceptable limits when tested before using. However, none of them were within the acceptable limits when tested during using and after cleaning and sanitizing. 4) Above results suggested that an immediate action needs to be taken to reduce the potential danger of cross-contamination and also effective sanitary control methods needs to be developed to improve the sanitary condition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.89-101
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• 2014

The 'Biomechanics', which was devised to systematically train actor's material and medium, is evaluated as the first approach to an acting method in earnest with Stanislavsky's 'System'. Especially, due to the psycho-physical features of 'Biomechanics' that helps an actor to master a mechanism of human being such as stimulus, impulse and reaction, it was valued as an alternative for a naturalistic acting method that was excessively focused on the actor's emotional expression. However, the 'Biomechanics' is not utilized with activity in a field of actor training in Korea compared with Stanislavsky's 'The Method of Physical Action' which has a similar starting point as the psycho-physical feature. It is because of a political reason that a study for Meyerhold was officially forbidden in Russia until the mid-twentieth century. It is also because of a limit that incorporeal features of the 'Biomechanics' could not but be explained only by publications, especially translation. In this sense, as part of seeking for a new alternative of acting methods in Korea, this study will explore a possibility of applying the 'Biomechanics' to the actual actor training field through correct understanding of it.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.13-27
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• 2018

To study how stable the rubble mound breakwaters are, one can look to the research of wave induced seepage flow through the pores of the rubble mound. Seepage flow is generally generated by the difference between the water level around the breakwater during a typhoon. The existing stability analysis method of the rubble mound is the static analysis which simply considers the force equilibrium taking into account the horizontal force acting on the concrete block induced by a wave (calculated by Goda equation) and the vertical force induced by the weight inclusive of the concrete block, quarry run, filter, and armor layer above the slipping plane. However, this static method does not consider the wave-induced seepage flow in the rubble mound. Such seepage may decrease the stability of the rubble mound. The stability of a rubble mound breakwater under the action of seepage was studied based on the results of CFD software (OpenFOAM) and Limit Equilibrium Method (GeoStudio). The numerical analysis result showed that the seepage flow decreased the stability of the rubble mound breakwaters. The results of the numerical analyses also revealed the stability of the rubble mound was varied with time. Especially, the most critical state happened at the condition of overtopping the concrete block, acting strong uplift pressure raising along side and underneath the concrete block, and generating high pore pressure inside rubble mound due to seepage flow. Therefore, it may be necessary to conduct a dynamic analysis considering the effect of wave-induce seepage flow together with the static analysis.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1603-1614
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• 2010

As the Kyoto protocol and Bali road-map, our country is expected to be included to the emission reduction controlled country of greenhouse gas, so we are now urgent situation to take an action in the level of government. In this research, environment friendly rail logistics and combined transport were treated to meet with the green growth policy of our government. Major problems of Ui-wang ICD suggested in this research are short of yards, unutilized public CY, inconvenience use by non-share holders. It is necessary to improve rail logistic infrastructure, that is, additional expansion of yard, direct operation by KORAIL and regular unloading system are needed. such improvement can not be solved just by the endeavor of business body. Rail logistic infra & Integrated freight terminal has a tendency of SOC, which require tremendous amount of investment, so there are some limit in doing by private sector itself, now it's time to do by the government level. The improvement of rail logistic infrastructure in the level of government is possible by the policy of environment friendly green logistic support which is related with Logistic Policy Basic Law, so government should prepare detailed directives to activate Integrated freight terminal.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.457-466
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• 2005

Industrial plasticizers such as phthalates can induce peroxisome proliferation. A growing concern among environmental and health groups has arisen because phthalates such as di-2-ethy1hexy1 phthalate (DEHP) and DBP may cause hormonal disorders, reproductive toxicity, hepatocellular tumors, genital disorders owing to a capacity to bind estrogen receptors, and a low-dose toxic action during certain periods of fetal development. Phthalate esters are used extensively as a plasticizer for plastic manufacture such as PVC bags and medical devices. This study investigated the effects of leached components from spring water container's cap and seal film. Phthalates, e.g. dimethy1 phthalate (DMP), diethy1 phthalate (DEP), di-n-buty1 phthalate (DBP), benzy1buty1 phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethy1hexy1) phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in the spring water. The bisphenol A was not detected or below the detection limit on the leaching from cap, sealing or spring water. DEHP were detected 90-116 ppb on the leaching from seal after 2 weeks, and 0.48-0.51 ppb from the spring water after I week. BBP were measured from seal within 1 week 25.4-66 ppb and below 0.12 ppb from spring water within 2 days. DMP were detected from seal within 2 weeks 51-68.5 ppb and 0.12 ppb after 2 weeks. DEP were measured from seal within 2 weeks 48.1-141 ppb and the concentrations were increased by the time from 0.10 to 0.31 ppb at spring water. DBP were detected from the seal within 2 weeks 92.3-5100 ppb and the concentration were decreased by the time from 0.24 to 0.10 ppb at spring water. These results indicate that some phthalate esters contaminated with spring water using the intact cap and seal film. It is concluded that the measured levels of phthalates leaching from these materials might in vivo only be slightly less than 1/10 of the LOAEL.