• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.366-371
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• 2006

This study was done to assess the physical and chemical properties after anaerobic fermentation treatment which use rice bran or wheat bran in plastic film house soil. The results which investigates the change of soil physical property after treatment 150 days showed a dramatic difference. The physical properties of control soil were the bulk density $1.46Mg\;m^{-3}$, hardness $2.30Kg\;cm^{-3}$, hydraulic conductivity $4.8cm\;hr^{-1}$, water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) 6.7%. Of the soil which treatment the rice bran in comparison to control soil, bulk density and hardness was diminished 12% and 58%, respectively. hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) were increased 4.5 and 5.2 fold, respectively. And, in the soil which treatment the wheat bran, bulk density and hardness was diminished 14% and 67%, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) were increased 6.3 and 6.5 fold, respectively. $NO_3-N$ contents of the soil which treated the rice bran or wheat bran after treatment 20 days were diminished 98% in comparison to control soil. The decrease of $NO_3-N$ contents in the soil was investigated with the fact that it is caused by with increase of the soil-microbial biomass. EC of the soil which treated the rice bran were $1.48dS\;m^{-1}$ which was diminished 58% in comparison to control soil. That of soil which treated the wheat bran was increased $3.65dS\;m^{-1}$ in the early stage because of acetic and butyric acid. But it was reduced as under $2.0dS\;m^{-1}$ after treatment 30 days. As the conclusion the anaerobic fermentation treatment with rice or wheat bran was effective to the improvement of soil physical and salt accumulation of the plastic film house soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

A long-term experiment was initiated in 1979 at Experiment Farm of Honam Agricultural Research Institute, to investigate the effects of continued use of organic matter (rice straw and compost) along with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in rice cultivation. The soils of experimental plots is classified as Jeonbug series developed on Fluvio-marine deposits. The application rates of rice straw and compost were 5 Mg/ha/year and 10 Mg/ha/per year, respectively. The fertilizer N application rates per season were 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg/ha. In 2002, after 24 years of experiment, the effect of different treatments on soil pH, characteristics soil organic matter, soil N and P were investigated. The results of the study is summarized as following. The continue use of organic matter tended to lower the soil pH, to increase organic matter and available phosphate contents. The rice straw tended to lower soil pH more than compost, while the effect of compost was greater in increasing soil organic matter and available soil P then rice straw. The application of organic matter resulted in the increase in total organic N in the soil. Such effect was greater in compost application than in rice straw application. In organic N, greatest was amino acid-N, followed by unidentifiable organic N. The least was amino sugar-N. The application of organic matter with and without nitrogen fertilizer affected the in organic fractions of P, particularly Fe-P and Al-P. The application of rice straw tended to increase Ca-P.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.485-491
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• 2011

The present study evaluated the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in upland soils at 25 sites in Gyeongnam Province. The total bacteria content was $143nmol\;g^{-1}$ for in inclined piedmont, $75nmol\;g^{-1}$ for fan and valley, $49nmol\;g^{-1}$ for hill areas, and $44nmol\;g^{-1}$ for riversider plain. The fungi content was 2.4 times higher in sandy loam than $21nmol\;g^{-1}$ in silt loam (p<0.01). In addition, inclined piedmont soils had a significantly higher ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids compared with fan and valley soils (p<0.05). The communities of total bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the inclined piedmont soils were significantly higher than those in the fan and valley soils and in the riversider plain soils (p<0.05), whereas the community of fungi was significantly lower (p<0.05). In principal component analyses of soil microbial communities, our findings showed that inclined piedmont was positive relationship with total bacteria and actinomycetes in upland soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.709-716
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• 2011

In order to collect basic data of soil environment in the Vicinity of King Sejong Station, King George Island, Antarctica, the physico-chemical characteristics of soils were investigated. Soil samples were collected in Barton Peninsula from 13 sites according to direction from the Sejong Cape. Soils from 13 sites were divided into three groups. The sand percentage of soils were much higher as above 90% than silt and clay percentages of soils at the all sites. Soil texture was classified sandy (10 sites) and loamy sand (3 sites). In distribution characteristics at different soil particles according to direction, large particles ($>500{\mu}m$) were higher in the order of Group 1 (Marian cove coast regions) > Group 2 (Inland regions) > Group 3 (Maxwell bay coast regions). On the other hand, small particles ($<355{\mu}m$) were higher in the order of Group 3 > Group 2 > Group 1. Chemical characteristic of soils showed significant differences at different areas. pH ranged 4.5-6.7, showing it was slightly acid and EC ranged $0.06-0.16dS\;m^{-1}$. T-N, OM and T-C contents were high at #6, #8, #12 and #13 sites. T-P and P2O5 contents were high at #9 and #12 sites. The results of this study will be helpful to understand soil environment in the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.336-340
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• 2009

The issue of acid precipitation and related environmental problems in East Asia has been emerging. To evaluate the acidity and chemical characteristics of rainwater in Korea, its chemical properties during cultivation season from April to October were investigated at Taean in 2007. Also, to estimate the contribution of ions on its acidity, ion composition characteristics and neutralization effects by cation ions were determined. The ion balance between cations and anions values showed high correlation. The mean values of pH and EC were 4.9 and $32.9{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$, respectively. The EC of rainwater showed seasonal characteristic, which was $91.4{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$ with relatively low rainfall compared with other monitoring periods. $Na^+$ was the main cation followed by $NH_4{^+}$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $H^{+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $K^+$. Among these ions, $Na^{+}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ covered over 70% of total cations. In the case of anion, the order was $SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^{-}$. The mean value of sulfate, which is main anion component in the samples was $152.1{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$. Also, 90% of soluble sulfate in rainwater was $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$(non-sea salt sulfate). With fractional acidity and theoretical acidity of rainwater samples, $NH_4{^+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ contributed greatly in neutralizing the rain acidity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2012

The object of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of mulberry leaves and silkworm excreta ethanol extracts on weight performances, blood characteristics, cecal microflorae of chickens. Two hundred forty male broiler chicks(Ross) were fed diets for five weeks containing 0.1%(MLA) and 1%(MLB) of mulberry leaves ethanol extracts, and 0.1%(SEA) and 1%(SEB) of silkworm excreta ethanol extracts. Weight performance did show no significant difference in all test groups which were fed with supplementation of mulberry leaves and silkworm excreta ethanol extracts. They showed better weight gain and feed conversion than the negative control group which was fed only with forage without antibiotics. ABTS(2'-azine-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) test was conducted to investigate free radical scavenging activity of blood in tested groups. ABTS scavenging activities of tested groups were higher than control groups in significant level, though there was no significant difference(P = 0.396). Specifically, MLB group showed the highest scavenging activity. Blood-level concentration of MDA, which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was also decreased in tested groups and the lowest level was observed in SEA(P = 0.001). As storage time increased at $4^{\circ}C$, muscle-level MDA concentrations of all tested groups were generally increased and significant difference was obsereved between tested groups and controls in total increase of MDA concentration($P=4.417{\times}10^{-3}$). In cecal microflorae, SEA and SEB showed decreased total microbe population compared to NC($P=6.462{\times}10^{-5}$) and even to PC. Supplementation of mulberry leave and silkworm excreta ethanol extract did show a similar inhibition effect against Salmonella sp., furthermore, MLB did enhanced the growth of Lactobacillus sp.($P=3.636{\times}10^{-7}$). In summary, ethanol extract of silkworm excreta may be a potential alternative of antibiotics for chicks. In addition, both of ethanol extracts supplementation to broiler chicks would be very useful not only to improve antioxidant effect of blood but also to suppress lipid peroxidation without any loss of weight performance in poultry farming.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2021

In this study, the ginseng sprout has produced through smart farm was classified according to its size and divided into above-ground (AG) and below-ground (BG) parts to compare ginsenoside contents and antioxidant activity. In the case of the AG part, the total phenolic contents were the highest at 5.16 mg/g in medium (M) size and the lowest at 2.23 mg/g in largest (L) size. The BG part also showed the highest content in the M size, but there was no significant difference. Also, the total flavonoid contents were also high in the M size in both the AG (5.16 mg/g) and BG (1.28 mg/g) parts. The major ginsenosides in the AG part were Re (20.33-24.15 mg/g) > Rd (11.36-27.42 mg/g) > Rg1 (4.48-5.54 mg/g) and the main ginsenosides in the BG part were Rb1 (5.09-8.61 mg/g) > Re (4.48-5.54 mg/g) > Rc (3.11-4.11 mg/g) in orders. In the case of M size, Re and Rd were approximately 4- and 19-folds higher at 24.15 mg/g and at 27.42 mg/g in the AG part and 5.20 mg/g and 1.43 mg in the BG part, respectively. In addition, F3 and Rh1 were detected in the AG part, but not in the BG part. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (74.95%), 2,4,6-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphnoic acid) diammonium salt (94.47%), and hydroxyl (70.39%) radical scavenging activities and FRAP (2.169) assay were the highest in M size than other sizes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2021

Freezing damage to fruit trees is frequently occurring due to cold in winter and low temperature in spring to abnormal weather caused by global warming. In particular, the freezing injury of deciduous fruit trees is highly dependent on the developmental stages of the flower buds. And the cold resistance is weakened as the growth progresses, so it is most vulnerable period from flowering to petal fall(post-bloom). Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the cause of the freezing injury caused by severe low temperature to 'Fuji', which has a late flowering period more than 'Hongro' in April 2020. We investigated freezing injury rate in 'Fuji' and 'Hongro' apple trees damaged by natural low temperature at Boeun-gun, Chungbuk province in Korea. In addition, flower buds in the same developmental stage (tight cluster) were treated artificially low temperature to investigate the injury rate for accurate comparative analysis between varieties, and to analyze the soluble sugar and hormone contents in the flower buds. As a result of survey in natural low temperature, 'Fuji' had a higher injury rate than 'Hongro' in both orchards, and in particular, B orchard 'Fuji' had the highest injury rate of 60.5%. Also there were significantly difference in the freezing injury rate between 'Fuji' and 'Hongro' in artificially low temperature treatments. As a result of analyzing the soluble sugar contents in 'Hongro' was higher than 'Fuji'. Also ABA, IAA and SA contents were more increased in the damaged tissue than in the normal flower buds by low temperature treatments. Consequently, it was assumed that the freezing injury was closely related to soluble sugar contents in the flower buds. In particular, the freezing injury rate was negatively correlated with the sorbitol contents.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.295-303
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• 2021

We analyzed berry skin coloration, anthocyanin accumulation, and plant hormone contents in berry skins to determine the effect of night temperature at veraison on berry skin coloration in 'Kyoho' grapevines (Vitis labruscana L.). Vines were grown under 21, 24, and 27℃ at night for 20 days at veraison, from 40 to 60 days after full bloom (DAFB). Berry skin coloration of 'Kyoho' grapes was more suppressed in 27℃ treated vines, followed by that in 24℃ treated vines, than that in 21℃ treated vines. Cluster and berry weight and soluble solids content was lower in 24 and 27℃ treated vines than in 21℃ treated vines. Anthocyanin started to accumulate from 60 DAFB in berry skin of 21℃ treated vines, and malvidin and total anthocyanin content increased until 100 DAFB. The total and most of the individual anthocyanins decreased in 24 and 27℃ treated vines; however, peonidin did not decrease in 24℃ treated vines compared to that in 21℃ treated vines. Abscisic acid (ABA) peaked at veraison in berry skins of 21℃ treated vines and decreased thereafter until 100 DAFB. The increase in ABA content was inhibited in berry skins of 24 and 27℃ treated vines. Gibberellin (GA) content in berry skins decreased rapidly at veraison, with the decrease being slower under 27℃ than under 21℃. ABA/GA in berry skins of 21℃ treated vines peaked at 60 DAFB and decreased thereafter until 100 DAFB. However, ABA/GA decreased in berry skins of 24 and 27℃ treated vines, with reduced anthocyanin accumulation. Therefore, high night temperature (above 24℃) at veraison suppressed the berry skin coloration of 'Kyoho' grapes with changes in anthocyanin contents and composition due to the decrease in ABA/GA ratio and fruit soluble solids contents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2021

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and chemosensory characteristics of radish samples. Brix results in Matdong-radish showed the highest value (1.5±0.1%), and Mansahyungtong-radish showed the lowest. In terms of salinity, Mansahyungtong-radish had the highest value (1.2±0.1%), and there were no significant differences among samples except Mansahyungtong-radish. In pH analysis, Cheongjunggowon-radish had the highest value at 6.69±0.02. The pH in Mansahyungtong-radish showed the lowest value at 6.10±0.01. In the electronic tongue, sourness was high in the Seoho-radish (8.2), and saltiness was high in the Matdong-radish (8.1). Umami was high in the Seoho-radish (8.3), and sweetness was high in the Matdong-radish (8.1). In the electronic nose, sulfur-containing compounds were high in all the samples. Methanethiol, which represented the odor description of cabbage, garlic, and sulfurous, was abundant in sulfur-containing compounds. Multivariate analysis using physicochemical and chemosensory properties can be used as a database for the food industry.