• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.896-907
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• 2024

Objective: The potential of aqueous extract of Christ's thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaves (SLAE) to reduce the negative impacts of heat stress on production performance and physiological traits was investigated in dual-purpose layers under subtropical farming. Methods: A total of 200, 25-week-old laying hens (Inshas strain) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments including SLAE at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mL/kg, respectively. The average temperature-humidity index value was 26.69 during the experimental period. The SLAE contained saponin (0.045%), total flavonoid content of 17.9 mg of quercetin equivalent/100 g and overall antioxidant capacity concentration of 17.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g. Results: The maximum final body weight (BW), BW gain, egg weight, number, and mass occurred at the level of SLAE7.5 inclusion. The egg quality was significantly higher in SLAE groups than in control, and overall, SLAE7.5 had the most favorable influence at 28 and 32 weeks. Liver and kidney function, as well as lipids profile, improved significantly by SLAE inclusion; the lowest concentrations of these parameters were in SLAE7.5 hens. Treatment with SLAE7.5 increased total antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant enzymes compared to control, whereas no effect on superoxide dismutase was noticed. Conclusion: The addition of SLAE at 7.5 mL/kg diet improved egg laying performance and quality, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant status during hyperthermia conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1985

In order to evaluate the effect of water soluble extract of lichens (Physcia, Parmelia and Clandonia species) on liver damage, activities transaminase(GPT) and 5'-nucleotidase in serum and liver were measured in rats fed lichens extract. DNA and RNA were measured in liver and spleen, as well as various organ weights and blood components. Control group was fed water to compare with the lichen group. Three sets of experiments were conducted: the first set was done with normal rats, the second one with rats with liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ injection was divided into three subgroups. i.e. no treatment group, pre-treatment group and post-treatment group, and the third one was with rats with acute and chronic liver damage. In normal rats, lichens extract feeding reduced serum GOT and GPT activities. In liver damaged rats, both pre-and post-treatment had suppressing effect against increase of serum enzymes. In rats with acute and chronic liver damage, lichens fed group had lower activities of serum GOT, GPT and 5'-nucleotidase but higher activities of liver enzymes than control group. This effect was more pronounced in rats with acute liver damage. Liver weight increased considerably with lichens intake. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were also higher in lichens fed group. Nucleic acid contents in spleen but not in liver were increased in lichens fed group. The latter increase was more significant with chronic liver damage. It is suggested from the present study that water soluble lichens extract play protective and therapeutic roles in organs against infection and atrophic disease.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.831-842
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• 2001

Background: Patients with cardiac diseases who have structural defects in their heart bring about metabolic insult such as preoperative acid-base imbalance. Cardiac operation requires many nonphysiologic procedures such as extracorporeal circulation, hypothermia, and hemodilution. We studied the acid-base status of surgical heart diseases pre-operatively, during extracorporeal circulation, and post-operatively and researched the treatment indications of acid-base disturbances. Material and Method: From January 1997 to May 1999, fifty two cases of open heart surgery were carried out under extracorporeal circulation, which divided into a set of pediatric and adult groups, congenital and acquired groups, non-cyanotic and cyanotic groups, The $\alpha$ -stat arterial blood gas analysis was done in each group during the preoperative period, during the operation with extracorporeal circulation, and during the postoperative period. Result: Before surgery, all patients present metabolic acidosis, PaO2 was low in adult group and acquired group and compensatory respiratory alkalosis was noted in cyanotic group. During extracorporeal circulation, adult group revealed alkalosis and normal in acquired group. Pediatric group presents low Pa$CO_2$, metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. Congenital group and non-cyanotic group showed non-compensatory alkalosis trend and non-compensatory respiratory acidosis were observed in cyanotic group during extracorporeal circulation. Postoperative acid-base status of adult group was recovered to normal and the standard bicarbonate was increased in the acquired group. All of the pediatric, congenital non-cyanotic, and cyanotic groups revealed the lack of buffer base.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of seed pre-treatments and pellet coating materials to enhance the efficiency of large-scale propagation of Aster koraiensis seeds were investigated. Seeds were immersed in water for one day, and only those that sank were used for pre-treatment to use filled seeds. Pre-treatments were divided into hormone treatments, with gibberellic acid (GA₃; 200 and 500 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolide (10^-6, 10^-7, and 10^-8M), and priming with potassium nitrate (100 mM of KNO₃). To produce pellet-coated seeds, pellet materials (DTCS or DTK) were applied to control (unprimed) and primed seeds with binders (PVA or CMC). The maximum germination percent (GP) of seeds before pellet coating was 65% (with the priming treatment), and there was no difference in the GP of seeds among hormone treatments. For seeds sown in a growth chamber on filter paper, GP was 41% for control (unprimed/uncoated) seeds, 65% for uncoated primed seeds, 71% for DTCS/PVA-pellet-coated seeds, and 42% for DTK/CMC-pellet-coated seeds. Seeds that were primed first and then pellet-coated showed greatly improved GP, mean germination time (MGT), and germination rate than seeds that were only pellet-coated. For seeds sown in commercial soil in a greenhouse, control seeds had a GP of 27%, whereas primed seeds had the highest GP (58%), and their MGT and GT were 9.4 days and 7.0%·day, respectively. In addition, DTK/PVA-pellet-coated seeds (40%) also had a GP higher than the control (27%), and their MGT was 15-27 days. For seeds sown in sandy-loam soil in a greenhouse, unprimed-pellet-coated seeds and primed-pellet-coated seeds both had GPs ranged of 39%, which were lower than that of control seeds. In general, the seeds that were pellet-coated with DTK had a higher GP than those pellet-coated with DTCS. Furthermore, the MGT of unprimed-pellet-coated seeds was 15.0-19.8 days, which was longer than the MGT of primed-pellet-coated seeds. These results suggest that priming enhances seedling emergence of Aster koraiensis seeds. Moreover, when priming is combined with pellet coating, DTK is a more suitable pellet material than DTCS, and PVA and CMC are equally suitable adhesives.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2014

As an abiotic stress, chilling stress is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and increasing susceptibility to pathogens. Therefore, enhancing stress tolerance in plants is an important strategy for their survival under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or nitric oxide (NO) on chilling tolerance in pepper seedlings. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 'kidaemanbal') seedlings were grown under normal growing conditions ($20/25^{\circ}C$, 15 hours photoperiod, $145{\pm}5{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, fluorescence lamps) for 23 days after transplanting. The solution (3 mL) of 1 mM SA and 0.3 mM NO with surfactant triton 0.1% were sprayed two times a week, respectively. Right after the completion of chemical application, seedlings were subjected to chilling condition at $4^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours under dark condition and then the seedlings were recovered at the normal growing conditions for 2 days. In order to assess plant tolerance against chilling stress, growth characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and membrane permeability were determined after chilling stress imposition. Total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity were measured during the whole experimental period. Disease incidence for pepper bacterial spot and wilt was also analyzed. Pepper seedlings treated with SA or NO were maintained similar dry mass ratio, while the value in control increased caused by chilling stress suggesting relatively more water loss in control plants. Electrolyte leakage of pepper seedlings treated with SA or NO was lower than that of control 2 days after chilling treatment. Fv/Fm rapidly decreased after chilling stress in control while the value of SA or NO was maintained about 0.8. SA increased higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity than NO and control during chemical treatment. In addition, increase in total phenolic concentration was observed after chilling stress in control and NO treatment. SA had an effect on the reduction of bacterial wilt in pepper seedlings. The results from this study revealed that pre-treatment with SA or NO using foliar spray was effective in chilling tolerance and the reduction of disease incidence in pepper seedlings.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.2 s.79
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• pp.215-222
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine varnish affects the shear bond strength and failure pattern of orthodontic brackets or not. The experimental group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted after chlorhexidine varnish application (4 times for 1 week interval) in vivo, and the control group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted without any pre-treatment. After all teeth were etched with $37\%$ phosphoric acid gel, metal orthodontic brackets (Q-3002, RMO, USA) were bonded to each tooth using auto-polymerizing orthodontic resin (Ortho-One, Bisco, USA) with the same bonding procedure. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine (model 4466, Instron Ltd., England), and the failure pattern of each bracket was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SM 840A, JEOL, Japan). The data were analysed statistically with t-test. The results were as follows : 1. Application of chlorhexidine varnish had no significant effect on the shear bond strength of the orthodontic bracket. 2. There was no significant difference in the failure pattern of orthodontic bracket between the experimental group and the control group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.699-708
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• 2000

Background : A presumptive histopathologic diagnosis of tuberculosis is commonly based on the finding of acid-fast bacilli upon microscopic examination of a diagnostic specimens. Although this traditional histochemical staining method is satisfactory, it is time-consuming and not species-specific. For more specific assessment, in situ hybridization assay with oligonucleotide probes is introduced. Methods : The human surgical specimens were obtained from tuberculosis patients, and experimental specimens were made by injecting cultured M. tuberculosis organisms into fresh rat liver. Oligonucleotide probes complementary to ribosomal RNA portion were synthesized and labeled with multiple biotin molecules. For a rapid detection, all procedures were carried out using manual capillary action technology on the Microprobe staining system. Results : The in situ hybridization assay produced a positive reaction in experimental specimens (80-90% sensitivity) after pepsin-HCl pre-treatment for a good permeabilization of probes, but reliable result was not obtained from human surgical specimens. Conclusion : It is, therefore, suggested that biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes have considerable potential for identification and in situ detection of M. tuberculosis but, there are some barriers to overcome for the diagnostic use of this method.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2019

A protocol for the in vitro propagation of Chamaecyparis obtusa was established in the present study. Multi-shoots were initiated from apical shoot explants from germinants after 10 weeks of culture on Litvay medium (LM) supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinin. The effects of pre-treatment with high concentrations of cytokinin and varying concentrations (0.2 to 5.0 mg/L) of zeatin on in vitro shoot elongation and shoot multiplication were investigated. Optimal shoot growth was achieved on LM medium, with over 10-mm shoots after 10 weeks of culture. In the anti-browning tests, ethanesulfonic acid triggered the least browning in the shoot tips. The highest multi-shoot induction was observed in the 0.5-mg/L zeatin treatments, which yielded 80% induction of shoots after 10 weeks of culture, and maximum shoot elongation was observed in the LM basal medium without the hormone. The highest rooting rates were 65% under 0.2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2006

The plant defence activator, Acibenzolar-S-methyl [benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester, ASM] was assayed on tomato seedlings for its ability to induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold in tomato. Pre-treatment of plants with ASM reduced the severity of the disease as well as the growth of the mycelium in plants. In ASM treated plants, reduction in disease severity (up to 55%) was correlated with suppression of mycelia growth (up to 46.5%) during the time course of infection. In plants treated with ASM, activities of peroxidase were determined as markers of resistance. Applications of ASM induced Progressive and significant increase of the enzyme in locally treated tissues. Such responses were expressed earlier and with a much higher magnitude when ASM-treated seedlings were challenged with the pathogen, thus providing support to the concept that a signal produced by the pathogen is essential for triggering enhanced synthesis and accumulation of the enzymes. No such activities were observed in water-treated control plants. Therefore, the slower symptom development and reduction in mycelium growth in ASM treated plants might be due to the increase in activity of oxidative and antioxidative protection systems in plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 1982

Effects of lime and ameliolating materials on decreasing available soil cadmium were studied, applying the amendments to Cd pre-and post-treated soils. Soil sttreated with Cd were placed in pots and kept under field moisture condition, summer through winter in 1981. The results of soil analysis made 40 to 60 days after the Cd treatment are as follows ; 1. Greater amount of Cd was extracted by 0.1N-HCl or 2% Citric acid than N-AcNH4 solution. More Cd was dissoluted by 0.1-HCl than 2% Citric acid. No Cd was extracted by pure water. Showing a wide variance in the amount of extractable Cd among treatments (amendments), the $N-AcNH_4$ solution seemed to be the most effective extracting solution of available soil cadmium. 2. Calcium hydroxide was the most effective materials in reducing $N-AcNH_4$ extractable Cd, followed by calcium carbonate and calcium silicate. 3. Superphosphate is also effective in reducing exchangeable cadmium. The reduction seemed to be attributed to the precipitation of cadmium phosphate. 4. The exchangeable cadmium by $N-AcNH_4$ was large in the soil pH range of 6.0 and 6.5, and it decreased as the soil pH became far apart from these values. The decrese of exchangeable Cd at low pH seemed to be related to the increase of $Mn^{+{+}}$ and that at the high pH to the precipitation as Cd-hydroxide.