• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.458-464
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• 2015

In this study, the total polyphenol content, electron donating ability (EDA) and inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) of freeze-dried Citrus unshiu extracts were examined. The Citrus unshiu extracts was obtained from four solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl chloride and methanol, to evaluate its functional properties. Total polyphenol contents were measured in the two different extracts, and the extracts were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using tests such as electron donating ability (EDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST). The total polyphenol contents of Citrus unshiu extracts were $928.48{\pm}1.19{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate (EA), $886.03{\pm}0.44{\mu}g\;RE/mL$ in acetone (AC), $413.08{\pm}1.39{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride (MC), $12,648.60{\pm}0.56{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol (MeOH), respectively. Also, the total polyphenol contents of EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $664.64{\pm}0.74{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in EA, $702.67{\pm}0.85{\mu}g\;RE/mL$ in AC, $429.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in MC, $16,108{\pm}0.73{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in MeOH, respectively. The total polyphenol contents were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability of Citrus unshiu extracts were $62.80{\pm}0.36%$ in EA, $97.43{\pm}0.51%$ in AC, $52.20{\pm}0.30%$ in MC, $97.63{\pm}0.46%$ in MeOH, respectively. Also, the electron donating ability of EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $51.49{\pm}0.26%$ in EA, $63.17{\pm}0.31%$ in AC, $67.68{\pm}0.55%$ in MC, $96.18{\pm}0.41%$ in MA, respectively. The electron donating ability were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase in Citrus unshiu extracts were $76.22{\pm}0.65%$ in EA, $31.73{\pm}0.48%$ in MC, $97.48{\pm}0.56%$ in MeOH, respectively. Also, inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase in EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $75.54{\pm}0.55%$ in EA, $73.53{\pm}0.38%$ in MC, $48.70{\pm}0.46%$ in MeOH, respectively. The inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. These results indicated that the Citrus unshiu extracts is a high-valued food ingredient and the extraction with methanol will be useful as a nutritional source with natural antioxidant activities. Considering high consumer demand beneficial health effects, Citrus unshiu extracts can be utilized to develop functional food health- promoting and natural antioxidant agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.498-503
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• 2005

Antibacterial activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz were investigated. Fractions were prepared by step-wise fractionation of water and 70% ethanol extracts using acetone, hexane, chloroform and butanol. Butanol fraction showed best antibacterial activities. Water and 70% ethanol extracts of T. chebula Retz. had significantly high pyrogallol content among 13 phenolic compound analysed by HPLC, and pyrogallol (standard) showed highest activities against several food spoilage microorganism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 1996

The effects of pine needle extracts on serum and liver lipid contents were evaluated in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 329$\pm$4 were divided into five groups and fed high fat diets for four weeks. Each group was administered with following pine needle extract: control, water ; WE-3, hot water extract(3% PN) ; WE-6, hot water extract(6% PN) ; AE-3, acetone extract(3% PN) ; AE-6, acetone extract(6% PN). Weight gains were significantly lower in WE-6 group than other groups. But there was no significant difference among other three groups. Intakes of diet and water containing the extract and the weights of liver, kidney, heart and spleen were not significantly different among the groups. The contents of serum and liver triglyceride in the WE-3 group were lower than those of control group. The contents of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the WE-3 group was significantly higher than other groups. The value of risk factor index(RFI) was determined to be low especially in case of WE-3 group. Due to pine needle extract administration, concentration of liver total lipid in WE-3 group was significantly lower than that of the control group. These results suggest that the WE-3 may reduce elevated levels of serum and liver lipid contents in rat fed high fat diet.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.289-293
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• 2011

The antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of methanol, pretanol, and acetone extracts of Eupausia superba were investigated and their bioactivities compared. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] ($ABTS^+$) radical-scavenging activities and reducing power assays were used to determine antioxidant activities, and Ellman's colorimetric methods were applied to evaluate cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Although all extracts were positive, Acetone extract of E. superba showed the highest activities. However, these showed moderate or no inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase. Moreover, the total carotenoid contents of the organic solvent extracts followed the same order as their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. These results suggest that E. superba is a potential source of natural antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2008

In the present study, we investigated the glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction of medicinal plants using a cultured PC12 cells. The methanol extracts of Dendrobium nobile Lindley, Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, Paenoia lactiflora Pall were tested. As the result, exposure of PC12 cells to G. uralensis resulted in the significant induction of GST. On the continuous experiment, G. uralensis was extracted with methanol, ethanol, and acetone. Among these extracts, methanol extracts showed the highest GST induction. The methanol extracts were further fractionated with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water layer according to the degree of polarity. The diethyl ether layer showed the highest exhibited GST induction on PC12 cells. Based on these results suggest that the extracts of G. uralensis can be applicable for the development of a new antioxidant agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2003

This study was carried out to examine the effects of gamma irradiation on the color removal, antioxidation, DPPH radical scavenger, and antimicrobial activity of Schizandra fructus extracts by different solvents. Schizandra fructus was extracted by hot water, ethanol, acetone and methanol, and the extracts were irradiated 10, 20 and 30 kGy with gamma rays. Hunter color L-value was increased by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in brighter color for all solvents used. The a and b values were decreased by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. Antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Schizandra fructus against soybean oil was the highest. The free radical scavenging activity was the strongest in hot water extract. All solvent extracts from Schizandra fructus had the strongest antimicrobial activities to B. subtilis, B. natto, B megaterium, S. aureus, Sal. typhymurium and E. coli. These results suggested that Schizandra fructus extracts have a strong potential as natural food preservatives and cosmetic raw materials. Furthermore, irradiation may not influence adversely on biological activites of the extracts when irradiated up to 30 kGy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2003

The solvent extracts of the aerial part of Artemisia capillaris extracted by using several solvents with different polarities were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were examined. The antimicrobial activities and cell growth inhibitions were investigated to each strain with the different concentrations of the aerial part of Artemisia capillaris Acetone extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for each strain were appeared to 20 mg/mL at Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, 40 mg/mL at Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 80 mg/mL at Salmonella tyhimurium. The cell growth inhibitions were shown on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella typhimurium for 48 hours. The acetone extract was further fractionated sequentially with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol for purifying crude acetone extract. The solvent fraction of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol showed the different antimicrobial activity, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2010

The antioxidant activities of two persimmon (Diospyros kaki T.) branches were evaluated. After preparing acetone, 70% acetone, and methanol extracts from Fuyu and Nishimurawase persimmon branches, DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), ABTS RSA, reducing power (RP), and total phenol contents (TPC) were determined. The acetone extracts of Fuyu and Nishimurawase showed higher antioxidant properties than the other extracts. The highest TPC (22.48 mg/g), DPPH RSA ($IC_{50}=701.48\;{\mu}g/mL$), ABTS RSA ($IC_{50}=493.76\;{\mu}g/mL$), and RP ($IC_{50}=1218.57\;{\mu}g/mL$) were found in acetone extract of Fuyu, while the lowest antioxidant activities were in 70% acetone extract of Nishimurawase. The results suggest that sweet persimmon branches exhibit considerable antioxidant activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.456-460
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• 2008

Santalum album has been used as a folk medicine for treatment of skin diseases, inflammation, gonorrhea, gleet, and cystitis in India and other Asian countries. In a search for possible bioactive agents from natural sources, we found that the various solvent extracts of S. album showed significant antioxidative effect in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and moderate other biological functions submitted to the several bioassay systems for whitening and cytotoxicity evaluations. Among the tested extracts displayed DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the 70% acetone extract showed the most potent activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $18.6\;{\mu}g/ml$, more potent than a positive control, L-ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}$, $28.7\;{\mu}g/mL$). Also, anti-lipid peroxidation, tyrosinase inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects were determined in each experiment. Total phenolic content of 70% acetone extract was found to be 117.1 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g of extract. Previous phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of phenolic compounds. The results indicate that S. album possess potential antioxidant activity and phenolic constituents are responsible for this capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.521-526
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• 2002

A number of experimental and epidemiological studies have implicated that antiestrogenic effects of estrogen-like compounds in legumes and plant seeds are responsible for lowering breast cancer risk in human. However, few studies have been conducted to illustrate the possible chemopreventive effects of Korean traditional food materials. This study was performed to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of yellow soybeans, black soybeans and brown rice extracts on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent human breast cancer cells. Methanol-or acetone-soluble fractions of soybeans or brown rice were incubated with hormone-dependent cells (MCF-7) or hormone-independent cells (MDA-MB-231). Cell cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 hrs of incubation. Apoptotic effects of these extracts toward breast cancer cells were also determined at 48 hrs of incubation by measuring DNA fragmentation. Results indicated that the acetone-soluble fraction of brown rice exerted strongest cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 ceIls, although other fractions also reduced the number of viable MCF-7 cells after 48 hrs of incubation. Both acetone and methanol soluble fractions of all samples exerted a significant cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs of incubation, and acetone and methanol soluble fractions of brown rice were especially effective in these cells. At 48 hrs of incubation, methanol fractions of all three samples induced apopotosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate methaol or acetone soluble fractions of yellow soybeans, black soybeans and brown rice induce cytotoxicity in both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cells. Therefore, possible mechanisms of cell cytotoxicity do not necessarily include antiestrogenic effects of soybean or brown rice extract. A possible anticarcinogenic effect of brown rice methanol-soluble fraction may mediated through their apoptotic effect. Further studies are requried to elucidate responsible compounds and mechanisms involved in observed anticarcinogenesis.