• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2002

The study was carried out to determine the growth and biomass production of major deciduous trees including Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, Prunes sargentii, and Ligustrum obtusifolium subjected to artificial shade treatment in nursery field. The six deciduous trees seedlings grow for 2 years under different light intensity of 100%, 38-62%, 22-28%, 7-20%, and 2-6% of the full sun light intensity. The results were as follows; In the seedling heights and root collar diameters of shade intolerant species like Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula schmidtii, the relative growth rates of seedlings grown in full sun showed 2 times as compared with those subjected to the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. In the shade tolerant species like Acer mono ant Ligustrum obtusifolium, the growth performances were better in the seedlings grown in 38-62% light intensities of full sun. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root were as a whole decreased with shade treatment. The ratio of the dry mass of leaves and stem increased the dry mass of root. T/R ratio of the seedlings increased by decreasing the relative light intensity. And the T/R ratio of 2-6% light intensities of full sun was ranged from 1.1~5.0 were greater in the full sun light was ranged from 0.6~3.2. Light intensity by artificial shade treatment decreased in deciduous trees when compared on the whole, it showed tendency that SLA increases, increased that seeing resemblant tendency in LAR and LWR and changed of light intensity is strong, it increased that showed difference as statistical. But, LWR of Betula platyphylla var. japonica increased gradually and showed tendency that decreases rapidly in the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. This result is thought that biomass production decreased by shading treatment influenced in physiological characteristics such as leaf area and decrease of the leaf amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.310-322
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to classify the types of vegetation in Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands. The study sites were located at Sokwang-Ri, Mt. Chungok(1,276m), Uljin, Mt. Kumma(1,017m) and Mt. Eungbong(1,267m). Two hundred thirty releves were classified and explained by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools), and the results were summarized as follows. Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands were classified into Vaccinium koreanum community, Rhododendron micranthum community, Quercus dentata community, Acer pseudosieboldianum community, and Typical community. Quercus dentata community was divided into Festuca ovina group, Robinia pseudoacacia group, and Typical group, and Acer pseudosieboldianum community was divided into Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata group, Disporum smilacinum group, Magnolia sieboldii group, Carpinus laxiflora group, and Typical group, and Typical community was divided into Melampyrum roseum group and Typical group. And some groups were divided into 7 subgroups. Therefore, Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands had total of 16 vegetation units, out of those units, Vaccinium koreanum community distributed all over the studied areas. While Rhododendron micranthum community distributed mainly at Sokwang-Ri and Mt. Chungok. Therefore it was considered to be useful indicator in determining the range of afforestation and natural distribution of Pius densiflora for. erecta stands. The classified vegetation units were investigated by using of coincidence method. The results indicated that Quercus dentata community distributed mainly below 100 meters at the sea level, while other communities distributed above 350 meters at the sea level. According to the correlations between vegetation units and topography, Vaccinium koreanum and Rhododendron micranthum communities distributed mainly above middle slope areas, Quercus dentata community distributed mainly from lower slope to upper slope areas, Acer pseudosieboldianum community distributed mainly between valley and lower slope areas, and Typical community distributed mainly above upper slope areas. According to the correlations between vegetation units and 5 study areas, Quercus dentata community was distributed in the region of Uljin, and other communities were evenly distributed over other studied areas. According to the correlations between the units and aspects, all communities occurred all aspects, but most of the communities tended to be more distributed at south slopes than at north slopes, which meant that the relic stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were remained largely as patch phase status at south slopes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.510-518
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the drinking patterns of sap water of Acer mono by on-the-spot visitors. The survey was done from late-February to mid-March in the 3 major sap water tapping regions, such as Piagol of Mt. Chiri in Kurey, Okryong of Mt. Baekun in Kwangyang, and Mt. Chokey in Sunchon, Chonnam. A total of 300 visitors over 20 years old, 100 visitors in each region, were interviewed personally to make up questionnaires, irrespective of sex. The purpose of drinking, the frequency of visit, the modes of traffic, the length of stay, drinking amount per person, one's opinions after drinking, drinking plans and patterns, and intention of drinking processed sap were investigated and examined. Wide range of age groups from twenties to sixties drank sap water. Visitors drank sap water in order to keep health, to promote mutual friendship, and so on. 44% of sap drinkers visited for the first time, and 71% visited by private automobiles holding the first place. 59.7% of visitors spent only a day, but 40.3% passed one or two nights to drink sap water. For drinking amount of sap water, $3-6{\ell}$ a was consumed by 31.3% of visitors, under $3{\ell}$ or $9-12{\ell}$ by 22.7% $6-9{\ell}$ by 12.7% and so forth. 74% of visitors felt sap water sweet and favorable, but were doubtful about the efficacy of sap water. 79.0% of visitors had a plan to drink sap water again next year, 40% of whom preferred a day's visit to overnight staying (29%) or 3 days' staying (6%). 45% answered to plan to drink sap water with having meals, and 43% with having meals and passing a night. More than half (54.3%) of the visitors were inclined not to drink processed sap water for the reasons of unreliable quality, unwillingness for process, change in quality, etc.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-242
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• 2000

Site characteristics, vegetation structure and dynamics of Kalopanax septemlobus forests in Mt. Heungjeong, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Gariwang were studied to provide the information need for national resources conservation and restoration of K. septemlobus forest in Gangwon-do of Korea. The K. septemlobus forests were distributed at 780m to 1,300m in altitude, steep slope, ridges-slope areas with facing northeast to northwest in good nutrition area. The annual diameter growth of those trees ranged 1.60mm to 2.41mm. Forty-three plots(20$\times$20m) were set up at three natural population of Kalopanax septemlobus forest and TWINSPAN method was used for vegetation structure analysis. The result of TWINSPAN ordination show that geographical features played a role in determining community types in the study areas. Community type of the study areas classified into three groups by TWINSPAN; K. septemlobus-Quercux mongolica- Acer mono community(Mt. Balwang), K. septemlobus-Q. mongolica- Tilia amurensis community(Mt. Heungjeong), K. septemlobus-Betula costata-Q. mongolica community(Mt. Gariwang). In most of the K. septemlobus forests, major woody species appeared predominantly were Q. mongolica, T. amurensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba, A. mono, Magnolia sieboldii, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. And also, Those species were surveyed in all the areas. Species diversity(H') of investigated areas ranged 0.3124~0.13992 and this value relatively higher than that of other forests with similar site. The range of similarity indices between surveyed areas was 64.1~64.54%. The distribution pattern of Morista's index show that Kalopanax septemlobus distributed randomly in tree and concentrated a few sample plots in subtree layer and shurb layer. K. septemlobus occupied 37.1~58.8% of tree layer story, 8.4~17.6% of subtree layer, 0~0.38% of shurb layer each surveyed area. The association analysis showed that Kalopanax septemlobus positively associated with Betula ermani, Deutzia glabrata, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus mandshurica and negatively associated with Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa, Styrax obassia, Acer mono, Euonymus macroptera, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. According to the diameter distribution of Kalopanax septemlobus community, the community of Mt. Gariwang will gradually decline and replaced by Quercus community. The communities of Mt. Heungjeong and Mt. Balwang has its seedlings and saplings, so it may be sustained.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2021

This study aims to provide basic data for the systematic conservation and efficient management of forest ecosystems by analyzing changes in understory vegetation of temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests. One-hectare permanent survey plot, consisting of 100 subplots sized 10 × 10 meters, was installed in Gwangneung forest in Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do in 2003. The state of stands and the understory vegetation in the permanent survey plot were examined at a 5-year interval from 2003 to 2018. The vascular plants found in the survey area were 56 families, 128 genera, 176 species, 18 variants, 4 varieties, and 1 subspecies, for a total of 199 taxa. The number of species in both the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer showed a tendency to decrease with time. The MRPP-tests showed a significantly differing species composition of the shrub layer in all years except 2008-2013, whereas significant differences were found in all years concerning the herbaceous layer. As for the average importance value, Euonymus oxyphyllus (18.23%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (16.48%), and Callicarpa japonica (13.85%) were dominant in the shrub layer, while Ainsliaea acerifolia (23.41%), Disporum smilacinum (9.45%), and Oplismenus undulatifolius (5.62%) were dominant in the herbaceous layer. In the shrub layer, the richness of Smilax china, Lonicera subsessilis, and Philadelphus schrenkii was high when the basal area and the stand density of an upper layer were high. By contrast, smaller basal area and stand density were associated with the richness of Acer pseudosieboldianum, Deutzia glabrata, Morus bombycis, and Cornus kousa. Furthermore, it was found out that the impact of the basal area and the stand density on the herbaceous layer decreased over time, while the herb layer's species composition was greatly affected by cover degrees of Euonymus oxyphyllus and Acer pseudosieboldianum in the shrub layer. In conclusion, the number of species in the understory vegetation in Gwangneung forest is continuously decreasing, thus implying that species diversity, basal area, and stand density of an upper layer can influence the species composition in understory vegetation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2023

In recent years, the frequency of warnings about particulate matter (PM) has gradually increased in Korea, along with an increase in its intensity. Because of their vast surface area, reactivity to external particles, and characteristics of their leaves, urban trees can act as biofilters, reducing PM pollution. However, the air pollutant PM can cause various types of damage not only to human health but also to vegetation. Studies performed to date on the responses of trees to PM are still insufficient. Here, we analyzed the correlation between PM adsorption and physiological and biochemical responses of four major street tree species, namely, Abies holophylla, Acer buergerianum, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis, under conditions of approximately 300 ㎍ m^-3 of fly ash emissions using a phytotron. The results showed that the physiological and biochemical responses and PM adsorption differed depending on the tree species. In correlation analysis, it was confirmed that there were positive correlations between physiological factors, and PM adsorption on adaxial leaf surfaces negatively impacted the physiological characteristics. This study provides fundamental information for selecting tree species to reduce PM pollution and develop sustainable urban forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2013

This study was carried out to classify and describe the vegetation of algific talus in Korea by methods of the ZM school of Phytosociology. A part of slope or a hollow at the foot of talus in which cool air exhausts from underground through gaps of accumulated rock debris is called algific talus. From the sixty three stands obtained, the following two community and their four subcommunity were recognized: A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. B. Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. B-1. Quercus serrata - Urtica angustifolia subcom. B-2. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. B-3. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. B-4. Typical subcom. A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com.. As a result of DCCA ordination, Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. has Quercus variabilis, Ligustrum var. obtusifolium, Zelkova serrata, Viburnum carlesii etc. as differential species, which showed the higher correlation with area of high Warmth index (WI) and precipitation than Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. has Quercus mongolica, Sorbaria var. sorbifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rosa acicularis etc. as differential species. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. has Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Sorbus commixta, Rosa koreana, Vaccinium var. hirtum, Acer tegmentosum, Dryopteris expansa, Abies holophylla etc. as differential species. and Typical subcom in Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. were distributed in higher altitude and precipitation area than others. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. has Spiraea chinensis, Zabelia biflora, Astilboides tabularis, Gymnocarpium jessoense, Saussurea mongolica, Larix kaempferi etc. as differential species, which was distributed in area with high amounts of sunlight exposure by human activities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2002

This study was intended to investigate injury rates of landscape trees planted in the reclaimed seaside areas and to analyse their causes in planting environment. The planting environment such as soil properties, reclaimed depth of soil, soil hardness, salt consistency of soil, and drainage system were surveyed in 8 reclaimed seaside areas in the middle and southern regions of the country. Injury rates of 42 species, 1,233 trees and growth of branches in 6 species. 130 trees were measured and analysed to fond out salt-resistant trees in the reclaimed lands. The results of the survey are as follows; the average injury rate of evergreen trees was 32%. which was much lower than that of deciduous trees as 52%. The lower injured trees in the 8 reclaimed lands were Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parvinora. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka', Pinus koraiensis, Acer trifdum, Koelreuteria paniculata and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. The higher injured trees were Acer palmatum, Magnolia kobus. Lagerstroemia indica, Diospiros kaki, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Sorbus commixta, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus desinora, Chaenomeles sinensis, Albizzia julibrissin and Zelkowa serrata. At least the mounding of 1.7m depth of soil is needed from the tidal saline soil to the roots of trees to protect trees from salt injury Roots of trees were found to have infiltrated to 0.77m under the soil of which solidity was over 4.5kg/㎥. And 22 of total 25 soils were acid from pH 3.72 to pH 5.85. Injury rate of trees was much higher when they were detached from the sea, and planted on the drainage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 1997

The purposes of this research are to select the appropriate kinds of landscape woody plants for afforestation artificial ground and to find out the way of developing planting-tree area of artificial ground through test planting and case study. The summary of the research is as follows; As a result of observing the state of trees' growth, trees on artificial grounds grow as well as, or even better than those on natural grounds. The kinds of trees which represent better growth states on artificial soil of rooftop test area are Thuja occidentalis, Prunus armericana var. ausu, Acer palmatum, Viburnum sargentii for. sterile, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, etc. In addition, soils than on natural soils. As a result of investigating the tree's growth state according to soil beds of artificial soils, shrubs don't represent distinct differences. They show that shrubs can be planted on 30cm soil bed. The rest of trees no differences according to the variation of soil beds, and they are in normal condition or have slight damage. This means that though arbor planting area of artificial ground is made 45~60cm, it is possible for trees to grow on it. In consequence of analyzing the cases on areas of landscaping artificial grounds, as the appropriate kinds of trees for afforestation artificial ground, Diospyros kaki, Hibiscus syriacus, Syringa dilatata, Magnolia kobus, Acer ginnala and cornus alba are selected in Capital region, and Nandina domestica, Taxus cuspidata, Ilex crenata, Viburnum awabuki, Aucuba japonica and Euonymus japonica are selected in southern region. In addition, Juniperus chinensis, Zelkova serrata, Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, etc. are selected regardless of regional character. In accordance with the state of soil it shows great difference, namely, fertilization once or more a year and irrigation for drought is advantageous to tree's growth. This research represents that it is necessary that standards related to landscaping artificial grounds are subdivided. In addition to it, the plan for revising related to regulation is drawn up.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2016

To examine the natural regeneration in the natural mixed-broadleaved forest, flowering, fruiting, seed-fall, and seed viabilities of Acer pseudosieboldianum (Ap) were investigated in Mt. Jungwang, Gangwon-do, from 2009 to 2015. The flower of Ap consisted many male and bisexual flowers on the corymb. Flowering dates are differed between sex morph in the same inflorescence. Stamens are stop growing and disappeared after pollinated pistil begin to grow in bisexual flowers, and male flowers have vestial pistil. The flowers of Ap might be pollinated by Apis mellifera, Andrenidae spp. and Syrphinae spp. Ap had some mechanism to prevent from self pollination with heterodichogamy. Mean annual seedfall of Ap was 70,780 ea/ha (ranged 310~234,840 ea/ha). Annual seedfall of Ap varied severely, and the maximum was about 760 times the minimum. Annual seed production of Ap might be to a normal distribution. Rates of damaged or decayed seeds are highest 59.3%, and those of sound seeds are 23.9%, Those of undeveloped and empty seeds are 9.2% and 7.6%, respectively. The most important factors influencing sound seed production might be the density and activities of insect pollinators and sucking pest in the flowerwing period, middle-late May. Successful regeneration of Ap might be in masting year and on the gap sites with proper conditions to germinate and grow. To understand the natural regeneration of deciduous hardwoods, further study on the characteristics of flowering and fruiting, pre- and post-dispersal seed predation, and annual variation on these factor should be needed.