• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1119-1127
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• 2010

The behavior of copper throughout the whole process of wastewater treatment plant that uses the activated sludge process to treat the wastewater of petrochemical industry that contains low concentration of copper was investigated. Total inflow rate of wastewater that flows into the aeration tank was $697\;m^3$/day with 0.369 mg/L of copper concentration, that is, total copper influx was 257.2 g/day. The ranges of copper concentrations of the influent to the aeration tank and effluent from the one were 0.315 ~ 0.398 mg/L and 0.159 ~ 0.192 mg/L, respectively. The average removal rate of copper in the aeration tank was 50.8 %. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of copper by microbes in the aeration tank was 3,320. The accumulated removal rate of copper throughout the activated sludge process was 71.3%, showing a high removal ratio by physical and chemical reactions in addition to biosorption by microbes. The concentration of copper in the solid dehydrated by filter press ranged from 74.8 mg/kg to 77.2 mg/kg and the concentration of copper by elution test of waste was 2.690 ~ 2.920 mg/L. It was judged that the copper concentration in dehydrated solid by bioconcentration could be managed with the control of that in the influent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 1997

In this research, the synthetic livestock wastewater was prepared to study the characteristics of organic matter removal, the change of VFA production, and the amount of gas production with respect to the change of ammonium nitrogen concentration in the waste using anaerobic fixed bed process, which is an anaerobic biofilm process. The HRT and operation temperature were 1 day and $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, the characteristics of organic matter removal and the inhibitory effect on microorganism in the anaerobic process were studied on the organic loading and ammonium nitrogen concentration. The results obtained were as follows: For COD loading of $10kg/m^3$-day and five levels of ammonium nitrogen concentration ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 mg/L, organic removal efficiencies were about 81, 74, 67, 58, and 51%, and gas productions were 3,860, 3,520, 3,240, 3,020, and 2,790 ml/l-day, respectively. Average methane contents in the gas produced on COD loading of $10kg/m^3$-day was about 76%. Throughout the whole period of experiment, remaining VFA (as COD base) in the effluent was over 90% of remaining COD. This result indicated the inhibitory effect of high concentration of ammonium nitrogen through the facts that accumulated VFA was almost COD and organic removal efficiency decreased also with the increase of ammonium nitrogen. Especially, that implys which high concentration of ammonium nitrogen not only inhibits methane forming bacteria, but also acid forming bacteria.

• BioChip Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2018

This paper investigated the effects of ionic strength in the medium on a preconcentrator for a protein sample with low concentration. The preconcentration chip was designed and fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane replica through standard lithophotography. A glass substrate is silanized prior to functionalizing the nanoparticles for self-assembly at a designed region. Due to the overlap of electrical double layers in a nanofluidic channel, a concentration polarization effect can be achieved using an electric field. A nonlinear electrokinetic flow is induced, resulting in the fast accumulation of proteins in front of the induced ionic depletion zone, so called exclusion-enrichment effect. Thus, the protein sample can be driven by electroosmotic flow and accumulated at a specific location. The chip is used to collect fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution. Different concentrations of the buffer media were studied herein. Fluorescence intensity images show that the buffer concentration of 4 mM is more appropriate than all the other ones. The sample of FITC-BSA with an initial concentration of $10{\mu}M$ in the 4 mM PBS solution increases its concentration at the desired region by up to 50 times within 30 min, demonstrating the results in this investigation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-149
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• 1996

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was synthesized and accumulated intracellularly to a high concentration (7 g/l) by cultivating recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-Blue (pSYLl05) in a complex medium containing 20 g/l glucose. The morphology of PHB granules was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The PHB granules synthesized in recombinant E. coli were much larger than reported values for wild type microorganisms, and were often irregularly shaped. Some cells were apparently extruding PHB into the medium, which suggests that PHB granules maintain some fluidity and cells become fragile due to PHB accumulation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1990

This study was attempted to propose a method evaluating fixation of active ingredients in Copper-Chromium-Arsenic preservatives treatment. Fixated amount of active ingredients on wood was obtained by measuring the density of surface electric charge based on $\varsigma$ potential. Data accumulated from density of surface electric charge showed that the fixated amount of preservatives on wood increased linearly as concentration of treating solution increaced, which indicatied quantitative reactions in fixation of preservatives.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.406-420
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• 1995

Polyhydroxyalkanoates[PHAs] are the polyester of hydroxyalkanoates(HAs) synthesized by numerous bacteria as an intracellular carbon and energy storage compound and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of the cells under unbalanced growth condition in the presence of excess carbon source. Even though PHAs have been recognized as good candidates for biodegradable plastics, their high price compared with conventional plastics has limited their use in a wide mange of applications. To reduce the high production cost of PHAs, many group of scientists have devoted much efforts to improve productivity by employing various microorganisms and by developing efficient culture techniques. The strategies of producing PHAs to a high concentration with high productivity and their potential applications are reviewed.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2007

Besides empirical algorithms with the blue-green ratio, the algorithms based on fluorescence are also important and valid methods for retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration in the ocean waters, especially for Case II waters and the sea with algal blooming. This study reviews the history of initial cognitions, investigations and detailed approaches towards chlorophyll fluorescence, and then introduces the biological mechanism of fluorescence remote sensing and main spectral characteristics such as the positive correlation between fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration, the red shift phenomena. Meanwhile, there exist many influence factors that increase complexity of fluorescence remote sensing, such as fluorescence quantum yield, physiological status of various algae, substances with related optical property in the ocean, atmospheric absorption etc. Based on these cognitions, scientists have found two ways to calculate the amount of fluorescence detected by ocean color sensors: fluorescence line height and reflectance ratio. These two ways are currently the foundation for retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration in the ocean. As the in-situ measurements and synchronous satellite data are continuously being accumulated, the fluorescence remote sensing of chlorophyll-a concentration in Case II waters should be recognized more thoroughly and new algorithms could be expected.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.345-360
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• 2004

The late sea-breeze and its impacts on ozone distributions were investigated during April to September from 1998 to 2002, in the Busan metropolitan area (including surrounding areas) using the surface ozone concentrations (obtained at 9 monitoring sites), local meteorological variables (obtained near the shore), together with synoptic data. The urban scale ozone concentration was also simulated using the MM5/UAM-V to better understand the role of late sea-breeze in Busan. The results from observation study showed that most of the late sea-breeze occurred when weak offshore synoptic flow (northwesterly) suppressed development of sea - breeze, and the ozone concentration level and frequencies exceeding ozone standard increased with the onset time of sea breeze. We also found that the late sea-breeze clearly induces relatively weak wind speed and high temperature during the daytime As a result it enhances the photochemical ozone accumulation and delays the occurrence time of the averaged maximum ozone concentrations. The results of simulation for high ozone episode (24 August, 2001) by MM5/UAM -V revealed that the late sea-breeze interacted with weak offshore synoptic wind can contribute significantly to high ozone concentration in the coastal urban area. The simulated horizontal and vertical distribution of ozone concentration indicated that ozone can be accumulated over the sea under stagnant condition and return to the land in the late afternoon with the sea breeze, suggesting both the relationship between late sea-breeze and recirculation and the importance of late sea -breeze effects influencing severe ozone pollution in Busan.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.146-152
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• 1987

Sorghum cv. Pioneer 93 1, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid cv. Sioux and maize plant cv. Blizzard were assayed for toxic concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) and their relationship to morphological characteristics and environmental temperature in a field and phytotron trial. In the phytotron, sorghum and maize plants ranging from emergence to heading stage, were grown under different day/night temperatures of 30125, 25/20,28/18 and 1818 degree C. Nitrate-nitrogen in sorghum and maize plants was accumulated mainly in stems. Therefore nitrate concentration in the young plants was increased as development of stalks advanced and was highest at the stage of 3-4 leaves, when the plants had a leaf weight ratio 0.78-0.80 g/g plant weight. However, nitrate concentrations of the plant decreased as morphological development progressed, especially from the stage of growing point differentiation. Correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation of nitrate concentration with leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area, while plant height, dry matter percentage and absolute growth rate showed a negative association with TEX>$NO_3$-N ($P{\le}0.1$%). Cyanogenic glycosides, total nitrogen and crude protein were close associated with nitrate accumulation, and positively significant ($P{\le}0.1$%). High temperature over 30/25^{\circ}C.$ for 3 weeks increased N-uptake and dry matter accumulation, but reduced nitrate concentration. Under cold temperature below 18/8^{\circ}C.$ concentration of nitrate-N was increased in spite of its limited nitrogen uptake and plant growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2005

To find out the optimum mixture ratio of ammonium and nitrate on rice plant, 4 rice varieties were examined during 14days after transplanting in hydroponics with the different ratio of ammonium to nitrate(100 : 0, 75: 25,50: 50, 25: 75 and 0: 100). The highest N uptake from solution and the maximum plant dry weight were $60\~70\%$ ammonium and $30\~40\%$ nitrate mixture treatment both in Japonica and Tongil type rice plants. And with the same varieties N-uptake and N use-efficiency were compared between 10.0 mM and 1.0 mM nitrogen using $70\%$ ammonium and $30\%$ nitrate for 24 days after transplanting. Rice plants absorbed more nitrogen$(131\~145\%)$ in 10.0mM than 1.0mM treatment but accumulated N in rice plants were almost the same in both treatment. Among the tested rice cultivars, dry matter production and total accumulative nitrogen in rice plants were much high in Tongil type than japonica type rice cultivars. N-recovery ratios of rice plants from uptake N were $90.8-99.0\%$ in low concentration N solution(1.0 mM), but $69.4-81.7\%$ were observed in high concentration N solution(10.0 mM). It means that suppling low concentration N steadily will be better to prevent loss of N without reducing of growth in rice plants.