• 약학회지
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.412-419
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• 2013

Drug discovery and development processes are time consuming and costly endeavors. It has been reported that on average it takes 10 to 15 years and costs more than $ 1billion to bring a molecule from discovery to market. Compounds fail for various reasons but one of the significant reasons that accounts for failures in clinical trials is poor prediction/understanding of pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism in human. In an effort to improve the number of compounds that exhibit optimal absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME), and pharmacokinetic properties in human, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetic scientists have been continually developing new technologies and compound screening strategies. Over the last few years, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and its applications to preclinical/clinical pharmacokinetics and ADME studies have significantly increased, particularly for new chemical/biological entities that are difficult to support with conventional radiolabel studies. In this review, the application of AMS for micro-dosing, micro-tracer absolute bioavailability, mass balance and metabolite profiling studies will be discussed.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2015

Temperature was considered to estimate the minimum detectable absorption coefficient of aerosol particles from photothermal spectroscopy. Light energy absorbed by subsequent emission from the aerosol results in the heating of the aerosol sample and consequently causes a temperature change as well as changes in thermodynamic parameters of the sample. This thermal effect is the basis of photothermal spectroscopy. Photothermal spectroscopy has several types of techniques depending on how the photothermal effects are detected. Photothermal interferometry traces the photothermal effect, refractive index, using an interferometer. Photoacoustic spectroscopy detects the photothermal effect, sound wave, using a microphone. In this study, it is suggested that the detection limit for photothermal spectroscopy can be influenced by the introduction of a slip correction factor when the light absorption is determined in a high temperature environment. The minimum detectable absorption coefficient depends on the density, the specific heat and the temperature, which are thermodynamic properties. Without considering the slip correction, when the temperature of the environment is 400 K, the minimum detectable absorption coefficient for photothermal interferometry increases approximately 0.3% compared to the case of 300 K. The minimum detectable absorption coefficient for photoacoustic spectroscopy decreases only 0.2% compared to the case of 300 K. Photothermal interferometry differs only 0.5% point from photoacoustic spectroscopy. Thus, it is believed that photothermal interferometry is reliably comparable to photoacoustic spectroscopy under 400 K.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.3923-3927
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• 2011

A noble method for pre-concentration and speciation of ultra trace As (III) and As (V) in urine and whole blood samples based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed. In this method, As (III) was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate at pH = 4 and Then, As (III) was extracted into the ionic liquid (IL). Finally, As (III) was back-extracted from the IL with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and its concentration was determined by flow injection coupled with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS). Total amount of arsenic was determined by reducing As (V) to As (III) with potassium iodide (KI) and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then, As (V) was calculated by the subtracting the total arsenic and As (III) content. Under the optimum conditions, for 5-15 mL of blood and urine samples, the detection limit ($3{\sigma}$) and linear range were achieved 5 ng $L^{-1}$ and 0.02-10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The method was applied successfully to the speciation and determination of As (III) and As (V) in biological samples of multiple sclerosis patients with suitable precision results (RSD < 5%). Validation of the methodology was performed by the standard reference material (CRM).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.1976-1980
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• 2010

A simple and reliable method has been developed to selectively separate and concentrate trace amounts of Fe(III) ions from water and food samples by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A new reagent, 5-hydroxy-4-ethyl-5,6-di-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-2H-[1,2,4] triazine-3-thione, was synthesized and characterized by using FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Effects of pH, concentration and volume of elution solution, sample flow rate, sample volume and interfering ions on the recovery of Fe(III) were investigated. The optimum pH was found to be 5. Eluent for quantitative elution was 10 mL of 2 M HCl. The preconcentration factor of the method, detection limit (3s/b, ${\mu}gL^{-1}$) and relative standard deviation values were found to be 25, 4.59 and 1%, respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, two certified reference materials (TMDA 54.4 lake water and SRM 1568a rice flour) were analyzed. The results obtained were in good agreement with the certified values. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Fe(III) ions in water and food samples.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2008

2-Propylpiperidine-1-carbodithioate(PPCD)I 로 수식화한 octadecyl로 결합된 실리카 막 디스크로 구리(II) 이온의 잔유양의 추출과 간단하고 빠르게 원자흡수분광법(AAS)으로의 정량법을 소개한다. 추출효율과 흐름속도, pH, 형 태, 벗김 산의 가장 적은 양에 대해 연구되었다. Anthraquinone 유도체의 2 mg로 수식한 막디스크의 최대 용량은 425 μg Cu2+ 이었다. 제안한 방법의 검출한계는 7 ng/ml이다. 이 방법은 다른 시료와 온천수 시료로부터 Cu2+의 회수에 적용하 였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

유기-실리카 이용한 잔유 구리(II)의 양을 빠른 추출을 위한 간단하고 재현성을 가지는 방법과 불꽃원자 흡수분광법으로의 검출에 대해 연구하였다. 공통으로 존재하는 이온은 분리와 검출에 간섭받지 않았다. 예비농축인자는 100 ml시료 용량에 대해 100 (1 ml 추출용량) 이 였다.제안된 방법의 검출한계는 1.0 ng ml-1이다. 최적조건하에서 흡착제의 최고흡수용량은 5 mg 구리/g 흡착제 였다. 최적조건하에서 상대표준편차는 2.8% (n=10)을 얻었다. 다양한 양의 구리(II)이온은 스파이크한 자연수와 합성수를 시험 시료로 하여 정확도 등을 시험하였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 1994

전형적인 Grimm형 방전관을 제작하고 고주파 방전에 의한 금속 및 세라믹시료 분석에 적용하였다. 금속 알루미늄과 알루미나에 대해 방출 스펙트럼을 관찰하였고 방전에 미치는 고주파의 전력과 알곤 기체의 압력에 대한 영향을 관찰하였으며, 시료와 접촉된 전극에 나타나는 DC-bias voltage를 확인하였다. 또한 SEM 사진을 관찰함으로써 rf-sputtering에 의한 알루미나 표면의 미세구조를 확인하였다. 저합금강(BAS 404-405) 중의 망간성분과 황동시료(NIST 1108-1117) 중의 아연성분에 대해 검량곡선을 작성한 결과 양호한 직선성을 보여 주었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1133-1136
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• 2004

The need for highly reliable methods for the determination of trace metals is recognized in analytical chemistry and environmental science. A method based on the cloud-point extraction (CPE) technique for the trace analysis of Pb and Cu in water samples is described in this study. The analytes in the initial aqueous solution are complexed with pyrogallol, and 0.1%(w/v) Triton X-114 is added as surfactant. Following phase separation at $50^{\circ}C$, based on the cloud point of the mixture and dilution of the surfactant-rich phase with acidified methanolic solution, the enriched analytes are determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. After optimization of the complexation and extraction conditions, the enrichment factors of Pb and Cu were found to be 72 and 85, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the preconcentration of 60 mL of samples in the presence of 0.1%(w/v) Triton X-114 permitted the detection of 0.4 ${\mu}gL^{?1}$ of Pb and 0.05 ${\mu}gL^{?1}$ of Cu. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of Pb and Cu in water samples.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.545-549
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• 2002

A simple and rapid technique for the separation and preconcentration of lead in water and biological samples has been devised. Preconcentrationis based on the depositionof analyte onto a column packed with dithizone immobilized on sodium dodecyl sulfate coated alumina at pH $\geq$ 3. The trapped lead is eluted with 5 mL of 4 M nitric acid and determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. A sample of 1 L, results in a preconcentration factor of 200 and the precision at 20${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ is 1.3%(n=8). The procedure is applied to tap water, well water, river water, vegetable extract and milk samples, and accuracy is assessed through recovery experiments and by independent analysis by furnace atomic absorption.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1985

공기-아세틸렌 불꽃 원자 흡수분광법으로 칼슘분석을 하는 경우 비교적 방해가 큰 것은 지르코늄, 주석, 알루미늄, 안티몬 등 양이온과 황산이온, 바나듐산이온, 규산이온 등 음이온이다. 여기에 해방제로서 세륨을 사용하면 이들 방해 효과를 제거할 수 있음을 알게 되었다. 칼슘과 같은 농도($3.0 {\times} 10^{-4}$M)의 이 방해이온들에 의한 방해는 방해이온 농도의 2배의 세륨에 의하여 완전히 해방됨을 보았고 방해 양이온혼합물(지르코늄, 주석, 알루미늄, 안티몬), 방해음이온 혼합물(황산이온, 바나듐산이온, 규산이온)또는 방해양이온 음이온 혼합물의 방해는 각각의 양이온 혹은 음이온에 의한 방해보다 더 큰 방해를 주는데 세륨($1.5 {\times} 10^{-2}$M)에 의한 해방효과는 방해양이온, 음이온 혼합물의 농도가 각각 $3.0 {\times} 10^{-3}$M까지 증가하여도 거의 변하지 않고 좋았다.