• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

This study was carried out to separate the heavy toxic metals in eco-building materials by low-temperature pyrolysis, especially arsenic (As) compounds in CCA wood preservative as a solid in char. The pyrolysis was carried out to heat the CCA-treated Hemlock at $280^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $320^{\circ}C$, and $340^{\circ}C$ for 60 mins. Laboratory scale pyrolyzer composed of [preheater$\rightarrow$pyrolyzer$\rightarrow$1st water scrubber$\rightarrow$2nd bubbling flask with 1% $HNO_3$ solution$\rightarrow$vent], and was operated to absorb the volatile metal compound particulates at the primary water scrubber and the secondary nitric acid bubbling flask with cooling condenser of $4^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen stream of 20 mL/min flow rate. And the contents of copper, chromium and arsenic compounds in its pyrolysis such as carbonized CCA treated wood, 1st washing and 2nd washing liquors as well as its raw materials, were determined using ICP-AES. The results are as follows : 1. The yield of char in low-temperature pyrolysis reached about 50 percentage similar to the result of common pyrolytic process. 2. The higher the pyrolytic temperature was, the more the volatiles of CCA, and in particular, the arsenic compounds were to be further more volatile above $320^{\circ}C$, even though the more repetitive and sequential monitorings were necessary. 3. More than 85 percentage of CCA in CCA-treated wood was left in char in such low-temperature pyrolytic condition at $300^{\circ}C$. 4. Washing system for absorption of volatile CCA in this experiment required much more contacting time between volatile gases and water to prevent the loss of CCA compounds, especially the loss of arsenic compound. 5. Therefore, more complete recovery of CCA components in CCA-treated wood required the lower temperature than $320^{\circ}C$, and the longer contacting time of volatile gases and water needed the special washing and recovery system to separate the toxic and volatile arsenic compounds in vent gases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.685-695
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• 2009

Background: Calcification is the most frequent cause of clinical failure of bioprosthetic tissues that are fabricated from Glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed porcine valve or bovine pericardium. We recently used a multi-factorial approach of employing different mechanisms to investigate how to reduce the calcification of bioprosthetic tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the synchronized synergism using ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ in glutaraldehyde treated porcine pericardium from the standpoint of calcification and tissue elasticity. Material and Method: Porcine pericardium was fixed with 0.625% GA (commercial fixation). An interim step of ethanol (80%; 1 day at room temperature) or L-lysine (0.1 M; 2 days at $37^{\circ}C$) or $NaBH_4$ (0.1 M; 2 days at room temperature) was followed by completion of the GA fixation (2 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 7 days at room temperature). The tensile strength and thickness of the samples were measured. The treated pericardiums were implanted subcutaneously into three-week old Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. The calcium content was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the histology of the samples. Result: The amount of calcium in the pericardium pretreated with ethanol (13.6${\pm}$10.0 ug/mg, p=0.008), L-lysine (15.3${\pm}$1.0 ug/mg, p=0.002) and both (16.1${\pm}$11.1 ug/mg, p=0.012) was significantly reduced compared with the control (51.2${\pm}$8.5 ug/mg). However, $NaBH_4$ pretreatment (65.7${\pm}$61.8 ug/mg, p=0.653) and combined pretreatment that including ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ (92.9${\pm}$58.3 ug/mg, p=0.288) were not significantly different from the controls(51.2${\pm}$8.5 ug/mg). Both the combined pretreatment using ethanol and L-lysine (7.60${\pm}$1.55, p=0.76) and the combined pretreatment that included ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ (7.47${\pm}$1.85, p=0.33) increased the tensile strength/thickness ratio compared with that of the controls (4.75${\pm}$1.88). Conclusion: The combined pretreatment using ethanol and L-lysine seemed to decrease the calcification of porcine pericardium fixed with glutaraldehyde, as compared to single pretreatment, and it increase the tissue elasticity, but to the degree that showed synchronized synergism. $NaBH_4$ pretreatment seemed to increase the calcification of porcine pericardium, irrespective of whether single or combined pretreatment was used.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2006

High phosphate accumulations in greenhouse soils have been considered as a new agricultural problem in Korea. The effects of silicate on changes in phosphate fractions and on the yield of Chinese cabbage without P fertilization were investigated by pot experiment. For this experiment, P-accumulated soil was selected (Total-P; $2140mg\;kg^{-1}$). Three levels of silicate (0, 2, and $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$) without P fertilization and P fertilizer without silicate application (Si0+NPK) were applied in 1/2000a pots. The same amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied to the all pots. The application of $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of silicate greatly increased the yield of Chinese cabbage by 25% compared to Si0+NPK treatment. Although there is no significant difference in plant P absorption among all the treatments, the uptake of P in the $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ silicate application was significantly higher than Si0+NPK treatment due to increase in yield. The content of available $SiO_2$ in soil increased with increasing silicate application rates. The Si concentration of plant showed a positive correlation with available $SiO_2$ contents in soil and the yield of Chinese cabbage. Total P greatly decreased with increasing rates of silicate application, yet the change in available P content was not significant. The Si0+NPK treatment increased the content of Ca-P by 11%, however, which was decreased by 27% in the $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ silicate application. Therefore, the effect of silicate on reducing total-P was mainly attributed to the change in concentration of Ca-P. Our results suggest that the application of silicate in P-accumulated soils not only increase the crops yield but also reduces phosphate accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal application rate and time of mixed expeller cake (MEC) for the replacement of chemical fertilizer. Dongjin-1, as cultivated rice was used at Fluvio-marine deposit in Honam plain paddy field. Soil chemical properties were improved by the application of MEC. Contents of total nitrogen and organic matter were higher in 70%, 100% plots of basal dressing than standard fertilizer application (SFA) plot. Cation exchangeable capacity was highly increased in 70% plot of basal dressing. Also, the content of organic matter in soil was increased with MEC application. Cation exchangeable capacity, total nitrogen and available phosphate were decreased according to late application time. The content of inorganic nitrogen in soil showed high tendency at more application rate of MEC, and nitrogen mineralization at harvest season have finished in 50%, 70% plots of basal dressing. The content of inorganic nitrogen in soil was increased according to late application time, however it was decreased in the late period of growth. Leaf color value became darker with increased application rate of MEC. Leaf color was dark green in MEC application plots at panicle formation stage, on the other hand, it was light green in 50%, 70% plots of basal dressing at heading stage. SPAD reading value of leaf-color was high during the whole growth stage in MEC application plots. More application rate of MEC showed higher tendency of fertilizer nitrogen absorption. Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest in 70% plot of basal dressing. Absorbed amount of fertilized nitrogen was increased in 10~15days before transplanting and nitrogen use efficiency was high according to the late application time. The ratio of perfect kernel and the content of protein on hulled rice showed high tendency at the less application rate of MEC. The ratio of head rice on milled rice showed high tendency at the less application rate of MEC. Rice yield increased 4% in 100% and 70% plots of basal dressing compare with SFA ($5.18Mg\;ha^{-1}$) plot respectively. Ear and culm length of rice were long according to the late application time, while the numbers of spikelet and ear were increased and the percentage of ripened grain was decreased. Rice yield was increased 2~5% in all MEC application plots compared to SFA plot and especially, increased 10~15days before transplanting in application plots. The optimal application rate and time of MEC on normal paddy field in plain were concluded that 70% basal dressing and 10~15days before transplanting

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.486-496
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• 2011

A special mesenchymal tissue layer called perichondrium has a chondrogenic capacity and is a candidate tissue for engineering of cartilage. To overcome limited potential for chondrocyte proliferation and re-absorption, we studied a method of cartilage tissue engineering comprising chondrocyte-hydrogel pluronic complex (CPC) and cultured perichondrial cell sheet (cPCs) which entirely cover CPC. For effective cartilage regeneration, cell-sheet engineering technique of high-density culture was used for fabrication of cPCs. Hydrogel pluronic as a biomimetic cell carrier used for stable and maintains the chondrocytes. The human cPCs was cultured as a single layer and entirely covered CPC. The tissue engineered constructs were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue pocket on nude mice (n = 6). CPC without cPCs were used as a controls (N = 6). Engineered cartilage specimens were harvested at 12 weeks after implantation and evaluated with gross morphology and histological examination. Biological analysis was also performed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen. Indeed, we performed additional in vivo studies of cartilage regeneration using canine large fullthickness chondrial defect model. The dogs were allocated to the experimental groups as treated chondrocyte sheets with perichondrial cell sheet group (n = 4), and chondrocyte sheets only group (n = 4). The histological and biochemical studies performed 12 weeks later as same manners as nude mouse but additional immunofluorescence study. Grossly, the size of cartilage specimen of cPCs covered group was larger than that of the control. On histological examination, the specimen of cPCs covered group showed typical characteristics of cartilage tissue. The contents of GAG and type II collagen were higher in cPCs covered group than that of the control. These studies demonstrated the potential of such CPC/cPCs constructs to support chondrogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, the method of cartilage tissue engineering using cPCs supposed to be an effective method with higher cartilage tissue gain. We suggest a new method of cartilage tissue engineering using cultured perichondrial cell sheet as a promising strategy for cartilage tissue reconstruction.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.208-219
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• 1987

Newly developed several herbicides were evaluated as paddy rice herbicide at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment in 1986. And also, the general situation of rice cultivation between Korea and Japan was compared. Twenty-nine herbicides of the total 59 herbicides were used as paddy rice field in Korea while these were 100 and 187, respectively, in Japan. Among paddy rice herbicides, butachlor was the most important herbicide in both countries. However, the degree of concentration to a particular herbicide was greater in Korea compared to Japan; consumption rate of single butachlor to the total herbicide were 66.5% for Korea and 11.9%r for Japan, respectively. Pyrazolate, pyrazoxyfen and quinclorac were the most promising hebicides in pressed-type rice nurserybed in terms of herbicidal efficacy and phytotoxic effect. For transplanted paddy rice field, single application of NC-311 or combining applications of NC-311 with butachlor or quinclorac gave excellent results at the weed community that was dominated by Echinochloa crus-galli, Aneilema japonica, Ludwigia prostrata, Scirpus hotarui, Cyperus serotinus, Potamogeton distinctus and Eleocharis kuroguwai. Particularly the above combining applications maintained their excellent herbicidal effect up to 3 leaf stage of E. crus-galli without arising herbicidal phytotoxicity. Pyrazolate and three sulfonyl urea herbicides (DPX-5384, NC-311 and CGA 142464) exhibited very high safety against rice. However, Japonica type rice cultivar was a little bit more sensitive than Indica/Japonica type rice cultivar. On the other hand, the effect of these herbicides against E. crus-galli was very strong. Herbicidal effect against E. crus-galli was enhanced through shoot absorption for sulfonyl urea herbicides and root abosorption for pyrazolate and quinclorac, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 1985

To establish the method of integrated weed management in rice nurserybed, phytotoxic factors of herbicide and antidote efficacy were evaluated at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1982 and 1984. Seven hundred eighty four research items were carried out as weed control research since 1961. While 65% of these were belonged to rice research, only 6% was attributed to nurserybed among rice research. More herbicidal phytotoxicity exhibited when seedbed was pressed just after seeding than sand covered or uncovered seedbed and also this phytotoxic symptom enhanced by using intact seed compared to pregerminated seed. Rinsing practice of seedbed reduced the phytotoxic effect of butachlor and this effect was more pronounced with the number of rinsing operation increase and at the pressed plot. However, herbicidal efficacy was not significantly decreased by rinsing operation. Growth of rice seedling hardly affected where the herbicide was absorbed through root only compared to absorption from both of root and shoot for pyrazolate, butachlor and thiobencarb. Herbicide antidote `CGA 123'407' completely protected from the phytotoxic effect of pretilachlor without arising any adversal effect in weed control. However, without antidote, pretilachlor showed the most severe phytotoxic symptom among used herbicides.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 1993

This experiment was conducted to understand the environmental factors affecting growth and tuber formation such as temperature, day length, tight intensity, water condition and cutting time of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi. Plant height, shoot number and dry weight of E. kuroguwai were higher at high temperature, 25/$25^{\circ}C$ (day/night), while nitrogen content was higher at low temperature, 20/$15^{\circ}C$. Plant height was more affected by water temperature, while shoot number and dry weight were more affected by air temperature. Contents and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in top parts of E. kuroguwai were higher under greater difference between air and water temperatures, i.e., 18/$28^{\circ}C$ and 28/$18^{\circ}C$. The number and weight of tubers were increased under greater difference between air and water temperatures, i.e, 18/$28^{\circ}C$ and 28/$18^{\circ}C$, while they were inhibited at low or high air/water temperatures (18/$18^{\circ}C$ or 28/$28^{\circ}C$). Tubers of E. kuroguwai were formed at 8-or 12-hour day length, however, no tuber was formed at l6-hour day length. Photoinductive period for tuber initiation of E. kuroguwai was between 30 and 45 days after emergence, and the induction period of short-day treatment was less than 10 days. Tuber number and weight were reduced by shading due to inhibition of the growth of top and underground parts. Number of days from planting to tuber initiation was shortned as planting time was delayed and plant height, dry weight, and tuber number were also reduced by delayed planting. Tuber number at l0 to 15cm water depth was decreased 63 to 75% as compared with 1 to 5cm water depth. Tuber number and dry weight were not affected by the size of tubers at planting. Due to the reduced growth of top and underground parts, tuber number and dry weight of E. kuroguwai were decreased by delayed shoot cutting. The critical cutting time to inhibit the growth of E. kuroguwai was about 70 days after emergence.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1991

Three crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag^+$-and $Ca^{2+}$- exchanged zeolite $A(Ag_4Ca_4-A,\;Ag_^Ca_3-A,\;and\;Ag_8Ca_2-A)$ treated at 250${\circ}C$ with 0.1 Torr of Rb vapor have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)${\circ}C$ (a=12,271(1)${\AA}$, 12.255(1)${\AA}$, and 12.339(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Their structures were refined to the final error indices. R(weighted) of 0.072 with 130 reflections, 0.050 with 110 reflections, and 0.083 with 86 reflections, respectively, for which $I>3{\rho}(I)$. In each structure, Rb species are found at three different crystallographic sites:3$Rb^+$+ions per unit cell are located at 8-ring centers, ca. 5.6 to 6.4 $Rb^+$ ions are found opposite 6-rings on threefold axes in the large cavity, and ca. 2.5 to 3.0 $Rb^+$ ions are found on threefold axes in the sodalite unit. Also, Ag species are found at two different crystallographic stites: ca. 0.7 to 2.1 $Ag^+$ lie opposite 4-rings and ca. 2.2 to 4.8 Ag atoms are located near the center of the large cavity. In these structures, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are 2.2, 2.4, and 4.8, respectively, and these may form hexasilver clusters at the centers of the large cavities. The $Rb^+$ ions, by blocking 8-rings, may have prevented silver from migrating out of the structure. Each hexasilver cluster is stabilized by coordination to up to 13 $Rb^+$ions. An excess absorption of about 0.8 Rb atom per unit cell indicates that the presence of a triangular symmetric $(Rb_3)2^{+}$ cation in sodalite cavity. At least one large-cavity six-ring $Rb^+$ ion must necessarily approach this cluster and may be viewed as a member of it to give $(Rb)_4^{3+}$, $(Rb)_5^{4+}$ or $(Rb)_6^{5+}$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.481-489
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• 2005

Lonicerae Flos has antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, pneumococci, Bacillus dysenterii, Salmonella typhi, and paratyphoid. It is an antiviral agent. The herb has a cytoprotective effect against $CCl_{4}-induced$ hepatic injury. It has antilipemic action, interfering with lipid absorption from the gut. Nowadays this herb is used mainly in the treatment of upper respiratory infections, such as tonsillitis and acute laryngitis. It is also used in the treatment of skin suppurations, such as carbuncles, and to treat viral conjunctivitis, influenza, pneumonia, and mastitis. Lonicerae Flos is dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica, L. hypoglauca, L. confusa, or L. dasystyla. But, for the most part, we use whole plant of Lonicera japonica, as a flower bud of it. And, little is known of the original copy of effects of whole plant, except for the 'Bon-Cho-Gang-Mok', which is written the effects of flower of Lonicera japonica are equal to effects of leaves and branch of it. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) for the immunological activities in Raw 264.7 cells. In Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic inflammation, flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extracts inhibited nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner and abrogated iNOS and COX-2. Flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extract did not affect on cell viability. To investigate the mechanism by which flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extract inhibits iNOS and COX-2 gene expression, we examined the on phosphorylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and assessed production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $interleukin-1{\beta}$ $(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results provided evidence that flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica inhibited the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and activated the phosphorylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with LPS. These findings suggest that flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections, respectively.