• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.453-465
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• 2017

This study reports the history of abacus calculation in the East and West and the changes in the curriculum of abacus calculation in Korea. The findings from this study are that abacus calculation education program already disappeared from public education and that it depends on private education institutes or after school classrooms. According to a case study, of the 110 elementary schools located in Changwon City and Gyeongsangnam-do Province, 74 schools were educating abacus as after-school programs.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.197-207
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• 2018

The Abacus schools were created by the needs of merchants who had accumulated wealth through trades in Italy during the Renaissance. Teachers in the Abacus school taught practical mathematics mainly used in commerce and trade, and the schools had courses in the fields of management and accounting today. This Abacus school also served as an educational institution, but also provided the opportunity to develop into today's mathematics. In this paper, we investigate about the background and role of the Abacus school.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.9 no.3 s.23
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• pp.243-256
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• 2005

Abacus numerals were developed using the concept of the binary system to form decimal numerals. This would allow addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to be performed based solely on the knowledge of the 14 forms of the numerals and three simple rules. These numerals were taught to 260 elementary school pupils of 3rd and 4th grade. After 90 minutes of instruction, they, nearly all, were able to understand principles to add, and to subtract, and partly to multiply using Abacus Numerals. Protected Abacus Numerals are proposed against forgery. An International Numeration System is proposed based on the form of Abacus Numerals to facilitate international communication. A new type of abacus is proposed.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-66
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• 2005

We briefly survey the history of abacus and counting rods which had been most widespread devices for arithmetical calculations. And we explain and compare the methods and principles of calculation on the abacus and counting rods. Only multiplication and division are presented here with examples. In these course we can see that the principles of calculation on the abacus are inherited from that of calculation on the counting rods. We also discuss the educational value of the abacus.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.541-555
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• 2012

This paper presents an algorithm for the evaluation of stresses in reinforced concrete sections under service loads. The algorithm is applicable to any section defined by polygonal contours and is based on an analytical integration of the stresses. The nonlinear behaviour of concrete is represented by the parabola-rectangle law used in the Eurocode-2 for the ultimate concrete design. An integrated definition of the strains in concrete and steel is possible by the use of Heaviside functions, similarly to what is done for ultimate section design in Barros et al. (2004). Other constitutive equations for the definition of the stresses in the concrete or steel can be easily incorporated into the code. The examples presented consist in the evaluation of resulting axial load and bending moment in an irregular section and in a section in L shape. The results, for service stresses, can also be plotted in terms of design abacus; a rectangular doubly reinforced section is presented as example.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.8-8
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• 2004

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2016

Background: Tetrahedral-mesh geometries can be used in the MCNP code, but the MCNP code accepts only the geometry in the Abaqus input file format; hence, the existing tetrahedral-mesh models first need to be converted to the Abacus input file format to be used in the MCNP code. In the present study, we developed a simple but useful computer program, TET2MCNP, for converting TetGen-generated tetrahedral-mesh models to the Abacus input file format. Materials and Methods: TET2MCNP is written in C++ and contains two components: one for converting a TetGen output file to the Abacus input file and the other for the reverse conversion process. The TET2MCP program also produces an MCNP input file. Further, the program provides some MCNP-specific functions: the maximum number of elements (i.e., tetrahedrons) per part can be limited, and the material density of each element can be transferred to the MCNP input file. Results and Discussion: To test the developed program, two tetrahedral-mesh models were generated using TetGen and converted to the Abaqus input file format using TET2MCNP. Subsequently, the converted files were used in the MCNP code to calculate the object- and organ-averaged absorbed dose in the sphere and phantom, respectively. The results show that the converted models provide, within statistical uncertainties, identical dose values to those obtained using the PHITS code, which uses the original tetrahedral-mesh models produced by the TetGen program. The results show that the developed program can successfully convert TetGen tetrahedral-mesh models to Abacus input files. Conclusion: In the present study, we have developed a computer program, TET2MCNP, which can be used to convert TetGen-generated tetrahedral-mesh models to the Abaqus input file format for use in the MCNP code. We believe this program will be used by many MCNP users for implementing complex tetrahedral-mesh models, including computational human phantoms, in the MCNP code.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.12-31
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• 1996

주판은 지난 수천년동안 인류가 애용했던 산판(abacus)의 일종으로서, 휴대용 계산기(Calculator)가 보편화되기 전까지 덧셈이나 곱셈 등의의 사칙연산을 수행하는 데에 사용된 대표적인 산술도구이다. 한편, 자동화를 위한 단순한 계산기계로부터 발전되어 온 컴퓨터는 오늘날 디지털 시대를 주도하면서 불과 수십년만에 우리의 삶과 생각을 완전히 새로운 모습으로 바꾸어 놓은 또 하나의 산술도구인 것이다. 본 논문에서는 주판에 적용된 여러 가지 산술원리들을 역사적으로 살펴본뒤, 산술의 발전과 컴퓨터 사이에 어떠한 상관관계가 있는 지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위하여, 새로운 산술원리를 컴퓨터에 도입하게 된 동기와 파급효과를 주판의 경우와 대비하여 설명하고, 현재 진행중인 컴퓨터 산술(computer arithmetic)분야의 연구동향을 토대로 미래의 컴퓨터를 전망한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.9 no.6 s.37
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• pp.753-760
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• 2006

This paper presents the procedure and results of the numerical modelling that was carried out to investigate the stability of reinforced soil slopes under dynamic railway load. The two-dimensional explicit dynamic finite element method (ABACUS) was used to carry out the numerical analyses. To simulate the railway load, the top surface of the embankment was excited by the uniform distributed load whose frequency and magnitude was estimated by the measured railway acceleration during train passing. The embankment displacements and geogrid axial forces were analyzed to evaluate the stability of reinforced soil slopes under the dynamic train load.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.137-145
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• 2011

Due to architectural requirement, the attention of single layered freeform spatial structure is increasing nowadays. Because the node of single layered structure should resist the bending and axial forces simultaneously, it is necessary to develop a new proper type of node in detail. In this study, a new type of node for single layered freeform spatial structure was proposed. And the structural performance for the node was analytically evaluated using the commercial FEM software(ABACUS). As a result, a node prototype was selected and the proposed node showed good structural behaviors.