• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.300-314
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• 1993

Periodontal disease research has been focused on understanding the immunopathologic mechanisms which may operate in the development and maintenance of peiodontal inflammatory changes. Immunologic and inflammatory responses may relate to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In order to research immunopathology of periodontal disease, previous investigators have spent much time on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cells but they have spent less time on the changes of those cells to the periodontal disease severity. The purpose of study was performed to investigate the changes of the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal disease with the various clinical parameters including Gingival Index, Sulcular Bleeding Index, and pocket depth. Gingival tissues were obtained from 25 patients with different severity of periodontal disease. Serial cryostat sections displaying a cross section of gingiva were labelled with monoclonal antibody for pan T cells, T cytotoxic/suppressor cells, T helper/inducer cells, pan B cells, and NK cells were develped using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase system. Lymphocyte populations were enumerated in repeatable fields from gingival section. 1. T cells were more increased at grade 1 and 3 than at grade 0 of gingival index (p<0.05). Helper T cells and NK cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3 than at grade 0(p<0.05). 2. T cells were more decreased at grade 3 and 4 than at grade 1 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.01, p<0.05). Especially, Natural Killer cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3, 4 than at grade 0 (p<0.05, p<0.001). 3. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were more decreased at grade 4 than at grade 0 and at grade 4 than at grade 2 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.05, p<0.05). 4. Helper T cells were significantly decreased at grade II and III than at grade I, however the Natural Killer cells showed a increasing tendency with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grade of pocket depth. 5. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were tended to be decreased with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grades of pocket depth. There was a very weak change in the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal lesion with the various clinical parameters including gingial index, sulcular bleeding index, and pocket depth. But, the number of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells were significantly changed in gingival index and sulcular bleeding index.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.144-158
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• 1998

In order to study basic information on the developed electro-magnetic compass, experiments were carried out on board M. S. KAYA at the pier of Dong Kuk Steel Mill in Pusan and the Korean southern sea using a three-axis magnetic sensor from Jan. 21, 1995 to Feb. 14, 1996. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The amount of old metal on the pier was about 27,290tons~57,440tons with an average of 40,560tons, the artificial local disturbance at the pier was min. 27.1$\mu$T, max. 66.5$\mu$T, ave. 433$\mu$T for the horizontal component and min. -27.0$\mu$T, max. 45.1$\mu$T, ave. 3.7$\mu$T for the vertical component. Its direction of horizontal component was 305$^{\circ}$ with the ship's head up bearing at 225$^{\circ}$. 2. The ship's magnetic distribution on the starboard side on berthing at the pier was 17.4$\mu$T for the horizontal component and -6.2$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the ship's port side, it was 19.8$\mu$T for the horizontal component and 4.1$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the ship's starboard side at sea, the ship's magnetic distribution was 19.2$\mu$T for the horizontal component and 3.2$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the ship's port side, the readings were 22.0$\mu$T for the horizontal component and -1.8$\mu$T for the vertical component. The directions of these readings were nearly starboard side. 3. On the pier, the secular change of the artificial local disturbance decreased 8.3$\mu$T from 61.0$\mu$T to 52.7$\mu$T for the horizontal component and decreased 7.1$\mu$T from 8.9$\mu$T M 1.8$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the starboard side from its berth, the ship, s magnetic distribution increased 2.6$\mu$T from 14.8$\mu$T to 17.4$\mu$T for the horizontal component and increased -0.1$\mu$T from -6.1$\mu$T to -6.2$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the ship's port side from its berth, it increased 7.1$\mu$T from 12.7$\mu$T to 19.8$\mu$T for the horizontal component and increased 10.2$\mu$T from -6.1$\mu$T to 4.1$\mu$T for the vertical component. 4. While at sea, on the ship's starboard side, the Secular change of the ship's magnetic distribution increased 3.9$\mu$T from 15.3$\mu$T to 19.2$\mu$T for the horizontal component and increased 2.0$\mu$T from -5.2$\mu$T to -3.2$\mu$T for the vertical component. On the port side, the changes increased 11.4$\mu$T from 10.6$\mu$T to 22.0$\mu$T for the horizontal component and increased 4.9$\mu$T from -6.7$\mu$T to -1.8$\mu$T for the vertical component. Upon berthing at the pier, the deviation of the secular change increased westerly 1 degree W~ 2.5$^{\circ}$ W from 3.5$^{\circ}$ W~ 5$^{\circ}$ W M 6W with the ship's head up bearing at 225$^{\circ}$. While at sea, these increased westerly 2$^{\circ}$ ~ 3$^{\circ}$ from the Northeast to the South and increased easterly 1$^{\circ}$ ~ 8$^{\circ}$ from the Southwest to the North. 5. While at port, within 1 mile between the ship and berth of the pier, as we approached the pier, the westerly deviation increased and when we departed the pier easterly deviation increased. When approaching the pier, the deviation was smaller than the deviation when the ship was departing from the pier. When approaching the bearing at 225$^{\circ}$ with the ship's head up bearing, the varies of deviation was smaller than the varies when the ship's head up bearing was departing from it.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

두정부 백질 물질 NAA, Choline(Cho), Creatine(Cr), choline chloride, glutamin 등으로 자체 제작한 phantom을 이용하여 고 자장(4.7T)과 중자장(1.5T)에서의 신호강도 대 잡음비, 스펙트럼 분해능을 알아 볼 수 있는 선폭과 $T_2$, 그리고 $T_E$값의 변화에 따른 각 대사물질의 변화별 스펙트럼 등을 구하여 이론적인 정보와 실제적인 정보와의 차이를 알아보고자 한다. 이용된 기기는 Bruker Biospec 4.7T와 1.5T GE SIGNA를 이용하여 MRS의 결과를 얻었다. 관심영역에서 얻은 정보에서 분광 peak의 면적을 구하였다. 통계처리는 Microsoft사의 Excel program내에 있는 통계 package를 이용하였다. 중자장(1.5T)과 고자장(4.7T)에서의 각각의 대사물질의 스펙트럼을 얻어 본 결과 자장의 균일도와 SNR과 $T_2$값의 차이가 이론적인 값보다는 직선성을 보이지 않았다. 1.5T에서의 선폭은 Cho, Cr, NAA 순서로 $5.30{\pm}1.07,\;4.81{\pm}0.14,\;5.49{\pm}0$, 이에 반해 4.7T에서는 $9.14{\pm}0.55,\;8.87{\pm}0.67,\;9.65{\pm}0.56$ Hz 값이 나왔다. 평균 SNR은 NAA의 물질의 경우를 3회 측정하였는데 그 평균치는 63%의 증가를 보였다. $T_E$ 변화로 스펙트럼을 분석했을 때 $T_E=60ms$일 때 가장 SNR이 좋은 값을 보였고 $T_E=135ms$일 때 가장 낮은 값을 나타나 보였다. 두정부 백질 물질 Phantom을 제작하여 자장의 강도 즉 중자장(1.5T)과 고자장(4.7T)에 따라 분석하게 되었는데 고자장의 영역으로 갈수록 분해능, SNR은 좋아져 보이나 자장의 세기가 커질수록 이론적인 수치보다는 상당히 적은 증가를 보이고 있다는 것을 이 연구를 통해 알게 되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

Objective: To observe the effects of allogeneic and autologous transfusion on cellular immunity, humoral immunity and secretion of serum inflammatory factors and perforin during the perioperative period in patients with malignant tumors. Methods: A total of 80 patients (age: 38-69 years; body weight: 40-78 kg; ASA I - II) receiving radical operation for gastro-intestinal cancer under general anesthesia were selected. All the patients were divided into four groups based on the methods of infusion and blood transfusion: blank control group (Group C), allogeneic transfusion group (group A), hemodiluted autotransfusion Group (Group H) and hemodiluted autotransfusion + allogenic transfusion Group (A+H group). Venous blood was collected when entering into the surgery room ($T_0$), immediately after surgery ($T_1$) and 24h ($T_2$), 3d ($T_3$) and 7d ($T_4$) after surgery, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to assess changes of peripheral blood T cell subpopulations and NK cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine levels of IL-2, IL-10, TNF-${\alpha}$ and perforin. Immune turbidimetry was employed to determine the changes in serum immunoglobulin. Results: Both CD3+ and NK cells showed a decrease at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group, among which, in group A, CD3+ decreased significantly at $T_2$ (P<0.05) compared with other groups, and CD3+ and NK cell reduced obviously only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). CD4+ cells and the ratio of D4+/CD8+ were decreased in groups A, C and A+H at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05). No significant intra- and inter-group differences were observed in CD8+ of the four groups (P<0.05). IL-2 declined in group C at $T_1$ and $T_2$ (P<0.05) and showed a decrease in group A at each time point (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-2 decreased in group A + H only at $T_1$. No significant difference was found in each group at $T_1$ (P<0.05). More significant decrease in group ?? at $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ compared with group A (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences among other groups (P>0.05). IL-10 increased at $T_1$ and $T_2$ in each group (P<0.05), in which it had an obvious increase in group A, and increase of IL-10 occurred only in group A at $T_3$ and $T_4$ (P<0.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ level rose at $T_1$ (P<0.05), no inter- and intra-group difference was found in perforin in all groups (P<0.05). Compared with the preoperation, both IgG and IgA level decreased at $T_1$ in each group (P<0.05), and they declined only in Group A at $T_2$ and $T_3$ (P<0.05), and these parameters were back to the preoperative levels in other groups. No significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative IgG and IgA levels in each group at $T_4$ (P>0.05). No obvious inter- and intra-group changes were found in IgM in the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Allogeneic transfusion during the perioperative period could obviously decrease the number of T cell subpopulations and NK cells and the secretion of stimulating cytokines and increase the secretion of inhibiting cytokines in patients with malignant tumors, thus causing a Th1/Th2 imbalance and transient decreasing in the content of plasma immune globulin. Autologous transfusion has little impact and may even bring about some improvement oo postoperative immune function in patients with tumors. Therefore, cancer patients should receive active autologous transfusion during the perioperative period in place of allogeneic transfusion.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the position of the hyoid bone and soft palate and the amount of airway space after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (B-SSRO). Methods: This study is a review of lateral cephalometric tracings of 30 patients who underwent B-SSRO with setbacks at Kyunghee Dental Hospital from 2005 to 2009. Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T0), within one month (T1), and more than six months after the surgery (T2). Results: The hyoid bone at T1 changed significantly towards the inferoposterior position. At T2, it had significantly moved superiorly, but not anteriorly. At T1, the nasopharyngeal space, extending from the posterior nasal spine to the posterior pharyngeal space, decreased significantly, but did not show a significant increase at T2. The nasopharyngeal space, extending from the middle of soft palate to the posterior pharyngeal space, decreased significantly at T1, but did not show a significant decrease at T2. The oropharyngeal airway space decreased significantly at T1 and did not return to its original position at T2. The hypopharyngeal space, extending from the anterior to the posterior pharyngeal space at the level of the most anterior point of the third cervical vertebrae, slightly decreased at T1, but the amount was insignificant; however, the amount of decrease at T2 was significant. The hypopharyngeal space extending from the anterior to the posterior pharyngeal space at the level of the lowest point of the third cervical vertebrae, decreased significantly at T1 but returned to its original position at T2. Conclusion: B-SSRO changes the position of the hyoid bone and muscles inferoposteriorly. These change allows enough space for the tongue and prevent airway obstruction. Airway changes may be related to post-operative edema, posterior movement of the soft palate, anteroposterior movement of the hyoid bone, or compensation for decreased oral cavity volume. The position of the pogonion which measures anterior relapse after surgery did not show significant differences during the follow-up period.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.79-82
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• 1990

유추의 산소소비에 기인하는 $T_3$와 $T_4$의 생물학적 효력을 비교하는 일연의 실험을 실시했다. 3마리씩 5구로 나누어 와 $T_3$와 $T_4$를 체중 1kg당 500혹은 1,000mg씩을, 대조구에는 동양의 생리 식염수만을 각각 투여한 뒤, 호흡 시험장치를 이용한 산소소비량을 측정하였다. 산소소비량은 2시간 후의 $T_4$-500mg구를 제외하고는 대조구에 비해 갑상선 호르몬 처리구가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가했다. 이 실험의 결과로 얻어진 등식으로부터, $T_3$는 $T_4$에 비해 산소소비량의 증가에 대한 생물학적 활성이 2~3배 정도임을 알 수 있다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2005

The experiments were conducted to fine out the handling characteristics of the FMT(Frame Mideater Trawl) in the southern waters of Korea using a trawler "DONGBAEK" belongs to Yosu National University. The realtionship between the net depth D(m) and the warp length L(m) at the towing speeds of 2.5k't and 3.5k't werw as follows ; D(m) = 0.30L - 1.3(2.5k't), D(m) = 0.16L - 1.5(3.5k't). Therefore, the net depth was 3.0m deeper when the warp length was 10m longer at the towing speed of 2.5k't and was 1.6m deeper for 10m longer at the speed of 3.5k't, respectively. The sinking speed of FMT was 6.5m/min when the warp releasing speed was 24m/min at the towing speed of 2.5k't and was 3.8m/min for 25m/min at the towing speed of 3.5k't, respectively. The rising speed of FMT was 6.9m/min when the warp rewinding speed was 28m/min at the towing speed of 2.5k't and was 5.3m/min for 25m/min at the towing speed of 3.5k't, respectively. The mean elapsed time getting to the stable towing condition was 104sec at the towing speed of 2.5k't and was 105sec at the towing speed of 3.5k't, respectively, and there was no time difference for the towing speed variation. During the towing, the net depth was comparatively stable on the condition of no change for the warp length and the towing speed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.474-482
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• 2014

PURPOSE. To assess removable prosthetic restoration tolerance according to the patient section of the short form of the Gagging Problem Assessment Questionnaire (GPA-pa SF) and the influence of gender, education level and prosthesis type and denture-related mucosal irritation on the GPA-pa SF scores before treatment and over a period of two months after prosthesis insertion. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 130 participants who required removable prosthesis were surveyed with a standard form that included questions regarding age, gender, education level, dental attendance, and prosthetic restoration type. Participants answered the GPA-pa SF before restoration (T0) and 1 day (T1), 2 days (T2), 15 days (T3), 1 month (T4), and 2 months (T5) after prosthesis insertion. RESULTS. Of the 130 participants, 110 participants completed the prosthetic restoration procedure, but only 93 of these were able to use the prosthesis over the two-month period. The mean GPA-pa SF score obtained at T0 was higher than the scores obtained at the other periods in the total of the sample. Significant difference was present between mean scores obtained at T0-T1 and T2-T3 than scores obtained at other periods (P<.05). Female participants and participants with denture-related mucosal irritation had higher GPA-pa SF scores at all time points analysed. Significant difference was present between mean GPA-pa SF scores obtained at T2-T3 than scores obtained at other periods for females and participants with denture-related mucosal irritation (P<.05). Education level and prosthesis type did not significantly influence the GPA-pa SF score at any time point analysed (P>.05). CONCLUSION. GPA-pa SF scores were higher before the restoration procedure began, and decreased over time with the use of prosthesis. Gender and denture-related mucosal irritation affected the GPA-pa SF scores.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 1992

This study was conducted from August, 1980 to March, 9991 to the 40 subjects who were admitted to Kosin Medical Center and received rehabilitation treatment and discharged under the impression of stroke. The objectives are to evaluate the function of the activites of daily living and comprehensive function and find the status of rehabilitation treatment by Modified Barthel Index and PULSES Profile when first requested or rehabilitation treatment(T1), at 2 weeks after rehabilitation treatment(T2), at discharge(T3) and at the time of ambulatory treatment after 2 weeks(T4). The study materials were clinical charts and functional evaluation sheets, and the results are as follows : 21 subject$(52.5\%)$ were male, 19 subjects$(47.5\%)$ were female, and the age distribution was from 19 to 70 in age, the average age was 52.7. By the classification of diagnosis, 21 subjects$(52.5\%)$ were cerebral hemorrhage, 8 subjects$(20.2\%)$ were cerebral thrombosis, 6 subjects$(15.0\%)$ were cerebral embolism, and 5 subjects$(12.5\%)$ were cerebral infarction. The Barthel Index scores were 35.7, 54.5, 71.8, 88.7 on the average at T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively. The PULSES scores were 16.4, 13.7, 11.4, 8.7 on the average at T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively. Regarding the Pearson's correlation coefficient between the Barthel Index scores and the PULSES scores, it was -0.7991(P>0.001) at T1 and -0.8986(P>0.001) at T3, then beth of correlations were very high.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various inorganic and organic materials to improve physical properties of soil. Saline sodic soil (saturation percentage = 40.36%, $EC_e=5.15dS\;m^{-1}$, $pH_s=8.70$, $SAR=18.84(m\;mol\;L^{-1})^{1/2}$, bulk density =$1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$) was collected, brought to wire house and filled in pots after laboratory analysis for various parameters. Different sources of organic nutrients like farm manure (FM), press mud, compost, poultry manure and sesbania green manure were analyzed for their chemical composition. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments replicated thrice; $T_1$: control (recommended NPK), $T_2:{\frac{1}{2}}$ recommended NPK, $T_3$: FM at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_4$: pressmud at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_5$: compost at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_6$: poultry manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_7$: sesbania green manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_8:T_2$ + FM at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_9:T_2$ + pressmud at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{10}:T_2$ + compost at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{11}:T_2$ + poultry manure at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{12}:T_2$ + sesbania green manure at 0.75% by soil weight. These treatments were applied using completely randomized (CR) design and appropriate time was given to decompose these organic nutritional sources. Seeds of wheat cultivar Sahar-2006 were sown. After harvesting the wheat, soil samples were collected from each pot and analyzed for various physical properties like bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage. An improvement in physical properties (bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage) of soil was noticed with the application of various organic nutritional sources but role of compost alone ($T_5$) remained prominent.