• 생태와환경
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2017

The ecosystem in the Gwangju Stream has taken a wide range of disturbance such as the discharging water of sewage treatment plant, the lake water and the river water from different water system over the past decade. This study was figured out some significant influence factors by analyzing the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors in the urban stream. Abiotic components included 15 water quality variables which were measured in five sampling sites along the stream from October 2014 to July 2015, whereas the benthic macroinvertebrates found in those sites were used to estimate various biotic indices representing the ecological status of the community. The results of correlation analyses indicated that abiotic factors by human activities affected on the inhabitation of benthic macroinvertebrates more than biotic factors. The results of cluster analyses and ANOVA tests also showed that biotic and abiotic characteristics were clearly different in season. The main influence factors of cluster analysis by sites were $NH_3-N$, EPT(I) and DO. It was considered that more various statistical analyses would be necessary to find some different relationships and influence factors between biotic and abiotic variables in the urban stream.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.677-682
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• 2007

This study was performed to provide the basic information on characteristics of groundwater pollution in Gyeongsan city. Forty two groundwater samples were collected, and pH, DO, COD, $NH_3-N,\;NO_3^--N$, T-N, $PO_4^{3-}-P$, Cl, Ca, Mg, hardness, evaporate residues and others were investigated. And, ANOVA analyses were carried out to reveal the differences in water pollution indicator values of by industry, commerce/residence and agriculture areas. The results were as follows. 1. The mean values of pH, DO, COD, $NH_3-N,\;NO_3^--N$, T-N, $PO_4^{3-}-P$, Cl, evaporate residues, Ca and hardness were 6.9, $7.9mg/\ell,\;0.4mg/\ell,\;2.44mg/\ell,\;2.73mg/\ell,\;6.06mg/\ell,\;0.82mg/\ell,\;32.72mg/\ell,\;381.67mg/\ell,\;41.53mg/\ell,\;177.17mg/\ell$, respectively. 2. As groundwater became deeper, the values of Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, hardness and evaporate residues remarkably increased, but those of COD, $NH_3^--N,\;NO_3^--N,\;NO_2^-N$, T-N decreased. 3. The values of COD, Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, hardness and evaporate residues were very high in industrial area, and those of $NH_3-N,\;NO_2^--N$, T-N were very high in commercial/residential area, and those of $NO_3^--N$ were a little high in agricultural area. 4. The correlations between depth and each value of Mg, Na, Fe, hardness and evaporate residues were highly positive, and those between DO and each value of Mg, Cu, Fe, hardness and evaporate residues were highly negative. 5. According to ANOVA analyses, the differences in three area groups (industry, commerce/residence and agriculture) on the values of $NH_3-N$, T-N, evaporate residues, hardness, Ca, Mg, K and Fe were significant at 1% level.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the prosody characteristics of sentence-level utterances which contain homographs with context cues in patients with neurogenic communication disorders. Homographs which may be affected by prosody, especially tonic length features, were used to investigate this matter. The characteristics of tone, duration, pitch, and pitch peak were analyzed to examine the characteristics of prosody in patients with lesions in the left or right hemisphere and normal controls. The whole process was recorded using Praat 4.3.14 and for statistical analyses, three-way ANOVA and multiple comparative analyses, Chi-Square tests, and a one-way ANOVA were carried out using SPSS 12.0 for Windows. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, the length of syllables and vowels in homographs in Korean was different depending on the meaning and was not significant between groups. Second, it was found that patients with lesions in the right hemisphere had significant difference on pitch. Third, it was found that frequency of pitch peak and tone in 'short' tone syllables were different between groups. The conclusion of this study found that the prosody of homographs between groups absolutely was not differentiated. Accordingly, more detailed studies of acoustic parameters and other parameters which the prosody characteristic between groups could be found are needed in the future.

• 아동학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2016

Objective: This study explored the creative thinking styles of children according to cluster analyses and examined group differences in language ability, cognitive ability, and peer relationships. Methods: The study used the data from the 2012 Panel Study of Korean Children by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The participants comprised 1,681 4-year-olds. Data were analyzed via cluster analyses, ${\chi}^2$ distributions, and ANOVA tests. Results and Conclusion: The results from the cluster analyses based on percentiles of the subfactors of K-FCTYC (Korean Figural Creativity Test for Young Children) indicated four clusters: "divergent creative with openness," "non-creative," "divergent creative," and "multiple creative." Additionally, the four clusters differed by gender, language ability, cognitive ability, and peer relationships.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2014

Objectives: This study evaluated the solubility, dimensional alteration, pH, electrical conductivity, and radiopacity of root perforation sealer materials. Materials and Methods: For the pH test, the samples were immersed in distilled water for different periods of time. Then, the samples were retained in plastic recipients, and the electrical conductivity of the solution was measured. The solubility, dimensional alteration, and radiopacity properties were evaluated according to Specification No. 57 of the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA). Statistical analyses were carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. When the sample distribution was not normal, a nonparametric ANOVA was performed with a Kruskal-Wallis test (${\alpha}$ = 0.05). Results: The results showed that white structural Portland cement (PC) had the highest solubility, while mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based cements, ProRoot MTA (Dentsply-Tulsa Dental) and MTA BIO ($\hat{A}$ngelus Ind. Prod.), had the lowest values. MTA BIO showed the lowest dimensional alteration values and white PC presented the highest values. No differences among the tested materials were observed in the the pH and electrical conductivity analyses. Only the MTA-based cements met the ANSI/ADA recommendations regarding radiopacity, overcoming the three steps of the aluminum step wedge. Conclusions: On the basis of these results, we concluded that the values of solubility and dimensional alteration of the materials were in accordance with the ANSI/ADA specifications. PCs did not fulfill the ANSI/ADA requirements regarding radiopacity. No differences were observed among the materials with respect to the pH and electrical conductivity analyses.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2013

국내의 주름개선 혹은 미백 효능을 평가하기 위한 인체시험 방법은 식약청 가이드라인에 근거하여 시행 되어왔으며, 인체시험에서 육안평가 및 기기평가 결과에 대해 시험군과 대조군 간의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 unpaired t-test를 주로 이용하였고, 시술 전후의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 paired t-test를 이용하였다. 설문평가 결과에 대해서는 빈도분석을 이용한 기술통계법이 이용되고 있다. 미국 및 유럽의 임상 평가기관에서도 이와 유사한 시험법 및 통계분석 방법을 이용하고 있다. 그러나 동일 개체에 대하여 처치를 반복 적용하여 얻은 자료는 서로 관련성이 높아 이를 감안한 분석법을 적용해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 화장품 분야에서는 처음으로 기능성 화장품 중 주름 개선 및 미백 효능 시험의 육안평가 및 기기평가 자료에 대해 repeated measures ANCOVA (RM ANCOVA)와 repeated measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA)를 적용하여 통계 방법의 타당성 여부를 검증함으로서 현재의 인체시험 방법에 적합한 새로운 통계분석 방법을 제시하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.237-242
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• 1995

For the vioequivalence study of two ceftriaxone injection formulations ($Rocephin{\circledR}$ ; Roche, and Triaxone ; Hanmi0, the HPLC analytical method for the analysis of ceftriaxone in plasma was used. Fourteen healthy volunteers completed the study and each subject were IM in jected signle doses (1 g) of the test and the reference formulations in a two-way crossover design with an one week drug free interval between doses. Following each administration, plasma concentrations of ceftrixone were monitored over a period of 24 h. Bioequivalence parameters $AUC_{24th}, {\;}T_{max}, {\;}C_{max}$ and MRT determined from the data obtained for the two formulations were examined by analyses of variance (ANOVA) and other criteria and tests for bioequivalence. Results of ANOVA and confidence limits of test/reference ratios of $AUC_{24th}, {\;}T_{max}, {\;}C_{max}$ and MRT, and statistical tests indicated the bioequivalence of the two formulations (i.e., test/reference ratio was within $100{\pm}20%$) except for $T_{max}$ The mean of $T_{max}$ showed only 6. 9% difference from the reference but the detection limit was 22.5% which is slightly over the 20% criteria. No pharmacokinetic parameters including Ka, Kel, Vd and Cl indicated significant difference in between the two fomulations. It was concluded that the data yielded fro the two cefriaxone formulations demonstrated that they were bioequivalent.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of consumption values on well-being attitude and the effect of well-being attitude on well-being oriented behavior. This study administered a questionnaire survey to adults between 10s and 60s who lived in Seoul, Daegu, and Kyungbuk region. Data collected from 285 respondents were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA tests, factor analyses, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The model of the study was tested by structural equation modeling and the results of SEM revealed positive effects of social value and functional value on well-being attitude and positive effect of well-being attitude on well-being oriented behavior. The results of t-tests and ANOVA tests showed that there were significant differences in consumption values, well-being attitude, and well-being oriented behavior among marital status, age, educational level, and income level groups.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.191-206
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to explore social support in childhood and early adolescence. The research was based on the social convoy model(Kahn and Antonucci, 1980). The data were collected from questionnaires completed by 656 elementary school children(2nd and 5th grade) and the middle school children(2nd grade) in rural and urban area. The statistical methods adopted for data analyses were frequencies, mean, standard deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe-test, Two-way ANOVA, and correlation coefficient. Children received more support from parents and friends in convoy function of social support. Convoy size of social support increased with age. Rural children had larger convoy size in the inner circle, and smaller convoy size in the middle circle than urban children did.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.19-34
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine early emotionality and mothering and fathering antecedents of inhibition of children at age 3 years in a sample of 100 children(51 boys; 49 girls). In order to assess child's behavioral inhibition and mothering, the behaviors of each child-mother dyad was videotaped in a structured lab situation. Data on Fathering behavior were gathered through questionnaires. 2X2ANOVA, Hierachical Regression Analyses and Fisher's Z test were conducted for the statistical analyses. The main results were as follows; 1) Only small portion of the variance in subsequent inhibition could be explained by early emotionality(i.e.negative, positive, and the interaction of both emotionality). 2) High negativity coupled with low positivity in infancy predicted high inhibition especially for girls. 3) In general, sensitive mothering and appropriateness of mothers' response were related to child's low inhibition, while parental intrusiveness and negative affect increased child's inhibition. 4) Mothering appeared more influential in the case of children who showed low positivity during infancy. The importance of distinguishing positive and negative emotionality in infancy and studying parental behavior to predict child's inhibition were discussed.