• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.414-433
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study is to identify the needs which are perceived by one of the familiy members who have head injury parients by traffic accidents in the intensive care units. Subjects were 70 families members of head injury patients admitted to 2 general hospitals NICU located Pusan city, 1 general hospital NICU located Ulsan city from December 1. 1998 to February 28. 1999. For this study, 70 family members were interviewed with aid of a Likert scale which was developed by researcher for this study. For development of the survey instrument, literature review and open questionnaire technique with family members and the nurses working in NICU. The 50needs-items were classified into 7 groups according to the homogeneity of the items with the support of literature review. For the content validity, the instrument was reviewed by 1 nursing professor and the internal reliability of this instrument was Cronbach alpha=0.94 which is highly accepted. Data was analyzed by a SPSS computer program. Data analysis included frequency. percentage, mean, standard variance and t-test or ANOVA. The results were as followings : 1. The general characteristics of head injury patients shows that the male was 74.3%, the female was 25.7% and age distribution shows that the fifty-fifty nine years was 30%, the highest. Of religion the buddhism was the most, The diagnosis distribution shows that epidural hematoma was 32.9% and subdural hematoma was 24.3%. The mentalility distribution shows that semicoma was 31.4% and stupor was 31.4%. Hemiplegia was 42.9% 2. The general charaterisrics of the family needs of head injury patients shows that thirty-thirty nine years was 31.4%, the highest. sex distribution shows that the male was 20%, the female was 80%. Of religion the buddism was the most. 3. The family needs of head injury patients was $3.03{\pm}0.42$, needs for the information of a patient's condition was $3.65{\pm}0.48$, the highest. And needs for the information of care and treatment was $3.48{\pm}0.48$, needs to be supplied with comfortable facilities for family was $3.04{\pm}0.66$, needs to be participate in a patient's care was $2.90{\pm}0.55$, needs to be informed about the available resources was $2.83{\pm}0.59$, needs to be supported emotionally for family was $2.79{\pm}0.55$, needs for religious assistance was $2.51{\pm}0.85$. 4. Examining the family needs of head injury patients according to patient's characteristics, mentality, plegia degree and operation were shown be variables to make an effect on the needs for the head injury patients family. At all, according to severity of head. injury, the family needs of head injury patients was high. 5. Examining the family needs of head injury patients according to their general characteristics, we could know that religion, job. income were shown to be variables to make an effect on the family needs. Through the examination it can be seen that the characteristics of head injury patients and the family needs of head injury patients. In conclusion, the family needs of head injury patients was almost same the family needs of ICU patients. Therefore we must involve the family's care of head injury patients and we must provide exact and repeated explanation, education and support the family of head injury patients. As this study was resulted in selecting the families admitted to NICU of some general hospital, we couldn't stretch the result in our favor. Therefore, continuous studies are suggested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.239-255
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the care needs of family-caregivers caring for patients with a CVA and the level of self care of the patients. The subjects for the study were 112 patients with a CVA and their caregivers. These patients were seen in a hospital or out-patient-department(OPD) at two oriental medical hospital in Jeonbuk province. The survey instruments used in this study were Kang's ADL checklist for self care of patients and Kim's Likert-style checklist for care needs of family-caregivers to patient with CVA. The survey was conducted from July 4 to August 30, 1999. Internal validity by calculation of Cronbach's alpha was 0.95, which was regarded as high. The survey results were analyzed using the SPSS program, with percentages, means, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The level of self care for patients with a CVA was : 1) complete dependence(M=14.9, 13.1%), 2) complete independence(M=23.6, 20.9%), 3) incomplete independence(M=23.9, 21.0%), 4) incomplete dependence(M=26.6, 25.0%), 5) dependence and independence(M=23.0, 20.0%). The items for which there was a high level of self care were : 1) drinking(M=3.62), 2) eating (M=3.25), 3) position returning(M=3.18) : and the items for which there was a low level of self care were : 1) ascending and descending stairs(M=2.08), 2) walking(M=2.47). 3) putting on and taking off trousers(M=2.55). 2. The mean score of the sum of the care needs of the family-caregivers was : 1) need for immediate care and help: 2) need of the way to communicate with patient: 3) need for education and assistance related to physical functional level: 4) need to be informed about the disease, treatment and care: 5) need for social support and consultation: 6) need for appreciation: 7) need for management of nursing problems related to immobility. The highest meed factor was the need for immediate care and help(M=3.47): and lowest need factor was the need for management of nursing problems related to immobility(M=2.80). 3. There were significant differences between the level of care need and general characteristic of the caregivers, there were family-caregivers age(P=0.001), marital status (P=0.276), occupation (P=0.006), monthly income(P=0.000), Patient's relationship to caregivers(P=0.004) and health(P=0.000). 4. There were significant differences between the level of self care and general characteristic of the patients, there were patient paralytic condition(P=0.01), blood pressure(P=0.01), and length of suffering(P=0.03). 5 There were significant differences between the level of care need and the general characteristic factors, which were CVA patient's blood pressure (P=0.05), problem of medical fee (P=0.05). 6. There was significantly correlation with the family-caregivers care need and the level of self care in the CVA patient(r=0.300, P=0.000). As a result, need to promote the level of self care in patients and to meet the care need of family-caregivers for more efficient nursing of CVA patients, is emphasized. Therefore more study is needed on an efficient way to provide rehabilitation and quality nursing interventions for family-caregivers and patients with CVA.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.37-51
• /
• 2001

This study is aimed at examining the ethical values of EMT students. The results below are based on the revised questionnaires, which can be applicable to EMT from the original questionnaires developed by Lee(1990), with a sample of 124 students consisting of 63 first and 61 second year students, conducted November 2-8, 2001. Data were analyzed using SPSS in terms of means, standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results are as follows: 1. In the area of Human life, all subjects showed utilitarian disposition. All respondents perceived the item "When patients recognizing there is no hope for survival ask for euthanasia, it is ethically right to accommodate their opinions." as the most utilitarian item, whereas they perceived the item "When an hopeless patient is on cardiac arrest, it is ethically right to do CPR as the most deontoogical item. 2. In the area of patient relationship, all students of two groups took on deontoogical characteristics, but there were no statistically significant differences between two groups. All students perceived an item "EMT have to keep it secret if patients disclose their suicide intentions and ask for absolute secrecy" the most utilitarian item, whereas they perceived an item "Even though patients act and speak in a very rude manner, EMT people should do their best to provide care for patients." as the most deontoogical item. 3. In the area of task relationship, first year students perceived an item "Given time limitations, it is ethically right to give priority to the patients who can be rehabilitated over the patients who can't be fully recovered." as the most utilitarian item, whereas second year students perceived an item "Under no circumstances should any placebo be administered to patients." as the most utilitarian item. All students perceived an item "When EMT students see an unconscious person lying in the street, they have to give him/her emergency treatment." as the most deontoogical item. 4. In the area of coworker relationship, all students of two groups took on deontoogical disposition, but there were no significant differences between two groups. All students of two groups perceived an item "Suppose you are regarded as the person who would be promoted. However, you think that your coworker is more competent than you. In that case you should tell your supervisor about your coworker." as the most utilitarian item. First year students perceived an item, whereas second year students perceived an item "When you observe coworkers' misconduct at work, it is ethically right to ignore their misdeeds." as the most deontoogical item. 5. This study demonstrated that for the first year students, there is a correlational relationship between areas of human life and task relationship, and between areas of task relationship and coworker relationship, whereas for the second year students, there is a correlational relationship between areas of human life and task relationship. 6. In areas of human life and task relationship, there are significant differences according to attitudes toward EMT and attendance at ethics training sessions. In the area of coworker relationship, there are significant differences according to religion, attendance at ethics training sessions, and a code of ethics. Recommendations for future research, 1. Sample items to measure ethical values and the instrument tailored to the needs of EMT should be developed. 2. A longitudinal study to track ethical value changes according to the amount of work experience is needed. 3. A code of ethics and/or ethics training, which could apply in actual situations, should be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.58-72
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived burden of the terminally III patients's caregiver and to analyze relationship between the perceived burden and the various demographics, illness characteristics, family relationships, and economic factor of the family & patients. The sample of 132 caregivers who care for the terminally III patients Kyung-Gi province, Seoul, Korea. The period of this study was from August to September, 2002. The perceived burden of the family caregiver was measured by the burden scale(20 items, 4 point scale) developed by Montgomery et al. (1985). The Data was analyzed using SAS-program by t-test and ANOVA. The results were as follows; 1. The mean of the family caregiver's burden score was 3.02. The score showed that caregivers perceive severe the level of burden. The hight items of the family caregiver's burden were' I feel it is painful to watch patient's diseases'(3.77). 'I feel afraid for what the future holds for my patients'(3.66), 'I feel it reduced to amount of privacy time'(3.64). 2. The caregiver's burden was significantly related to patient's gender(F=3.17, p= 0.0020), patient's job(F=2.49, p=0.0476), caregiver's age(F=4.29, p=0.0030), and caregiver's job(F=2.49, p=0.0476). 3. The caregiver's burden according to illness characteristics showed no significant difference. 4. The caregiver's burden was significantly associated with patient's family relationship (F=4.05, p=0.0041), patient's care mean period in a day(F=47.18,

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.89-103
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate to relation of necessity and practice of contents of clothing and textiles education(classify them into four units, choice and dressing of clothes, textile and management of clothes, design and sewing of clothes, knitting and embroidery). Method of posing a questionnaire is adopted to obtain stochastic data required for pertinent analysis. This is the investigation of which 400 (high school students 204, university students 196) girl students located in Choongnam and Junrabookdo province. In this statistical analysis, SPSS 10.0 for Windows Program was utilized to calculate percentage, mean and standard deviation. Also, these materials were verified by t-test, One-way Anova, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this research were as follows. First, girl students' necessity mean point were higher than practice mean point about the contents of clothing and textiles education. And necessity had a positive relationship with practices of contents of clothing and textiles education. Second, there was a significant difference in necessity and practice of contents of clothing and textiles education according to demographic variables. These results should be provide fundamental information for improving students' critical practice in their real life. Since this study has touched only limited research on the topic of clothing and textiles education, it is essential that further research covering a wider array of themes be done in the future. this study has touched only limited research on the topic of clothing and textiles education, it is essential that further research covering a wider array of themes be done in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.490-499
• /
• 2008

Statement of problem: Bioactive materials must have the ability to spontaneously form a bone like apatite layer on their surface and induce direct biochemical bonding to bone. A simple chemical treatment via alkali and heat has been revealed to induce bioactivity in titanium. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface characteristics and stability of alkali and heat treated implants. Material and methods: Specimens were divided into three groups; group 1 was the control group with machined surface implants, groups 2 and 3 were treated with alkali solutions and heat treated in the atmosphere and vacuum conditions respectively. The surface characteristics were observed with FESEM, XPS, TF-XRD and AFM. Stability was evaluated with the resonance frequency analysis, periotest and removal torque values. One-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for statistical analysis. Results: 1. Groups treated with alkali and heat showed similar characteristics. Groups 2 and 3 showed high compositions of Na ions on the surface with sub-micron sized pores compared to group 1. Group 2 showed mixed compositions of anatase and rutile with superior contents of rutile. 2. Resonance frequency analysis : The ISQ of group 2 showed significantly higher values than that of groups 1 and 3 at 12 weeks. The ISQ of groups 1 and 2 showed significant increase after 4 weeks, and the ISQ of group 3 increased significantly after 2 and 4 weeks respectively (P < .05). 3. Periotest: The PTV of groups 1 and 2 showed significant decrease after 4 weeks, and the PTV of group 3 showed significant decrease after 2 and 4 weeks respectively (P < .05). 4. Removal torque analysis: The removal torque value of group 2 was significantly higher than those of groups 1 and 3 at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The removal torque values of groups 1 and 3 showed increase at 4 and 12 weeks, but the removal torque value of group 2 showed increase after 4 weeks (P < .05). Conclusion: An oxide layer with appropriate crystal structure and amorphous sodium titanate layer can be obtained on titanium implants through alkali and heat treatment in the atmosphere, and even alkali and heat treatment in vacuum conditions, provided a bioactive surface containing sodium. These surface layers can be considered to be effective for enhancement of osseointegration and reduction of healing period for implant treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.520-527
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin when etched with laser instead of phosphoric acid. Material and methods: Recently extracted forty molars, completely free of dental caries, were embedded into acrylic resin. After exposing dentin with diamond saw, teeth surface were polished with a series of SiC paper. The teeth were divided into four groups composed of 10 specimens each; 1) no surface treated group as a control 2) acid-etched with 35%-phosphoric acid 3) Er:YAG laser treated 4) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treated. A dentin bonding agent (Adapter Single Bond2, 3M/ESPE) was applied to the specimens and then transparent plastic tubes (3 mm of height and diameter) were placed on each dentin. The composite resin was inserted into the tubes and cured. All the specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and the shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine (Z020, Zwick, Germany). The data of tensile bond strength were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's test at ${\alpha}$= 0.05. Results: The bond strengths of Er:YAG laser-treated group was $3.98{\pm}0.88$ MPa and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-treated group showed $3.70{\pm}1.55$ MPa. There were no significant differences between two laser groups. The control group showed the lowest bond strength, $1.52{\pm}0.42$ MPa and the highest shear bond strength was presented in acid-etched group, $7.10{\pm}1.86$ MPa (P < .05). Conclusion: Laser-etched group exhibited significantly higer bond strength than that of control group, while still weaker than that of the phosphoric acid-etched group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.37 no.sup2
• /
• pp.353-369
• /
• 2007

Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3 (n=8) is inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of $IL-1{\beta}$, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. 1. The expressions of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 showed increasing tendency in group 2 & 3 compared to group 1. 2. The expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$ & MMP-13 were showed increasing tendency in group 3 compared to group 2. 3. As $IL-1{\beta}$ levels were increasing, MMP-13 showed increasing tendency in group 3, and although $IL-1{\beta}$ , MMP-13 levels were increasing, TIMP-1 levels were similar expressed comparing to group 2. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression levels of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 had increasing tendency in inflamed tissue. It can be assumed that $IL-1{\beta}$ and MMP-13 may be partly involved in the progression of periodontal inflammation associated to type 2 DM.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.37 no.sup2
• /
• pp.325-338
• /
• 2007

The purposes of this study were to compare and quantify the expression of IL-6, e1stase and ${\alpha}_1-PI$ in the gingival tissues of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was devided into three groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of IL-6, elastase and ${\alpha}_1-PI$ were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. 1. The expression levels of IL-6 showed increasing tendency in group 2 and 3, and It was highest in group 3. 2. The expression of elastase showed increasing tendency in group 2 and 3, and It was highest in group 3. 3. The expression of ${\alpha}_1-PI$ showed increasing tendency in group 3 compared to group 1. 4. The ${\alpha}_1-PI$/elastase ratio was decreased in group 2 and 3 compared to group 1, especially most decreased in group 3. 5. As IL-6 levels were increasing, elastase showed increasing tendency in group 3, and although IL-6 and elastase levels were increasing, ${\alpha}_1-PI$ level in group 3 showed slightly increasing pattern comparing to group 1. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression levels of IL-6 and elastase will be inflammatory markers of periodontal inflammed tissue and DM. The ${\alpha}_1-PI$/elastase ratio also may be important measuring inflmmatory factors in the progression of periodontal inflammation associated to type 2DM.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.145-155
• /
• 2002

Effect of density (30, 40, 65, 90 or 120/cage) of lantern and bottom cages on growth of the ark shell, Scapharca satowi was studied in the Korean west coast from April 2000 to October 2001, when the following range of environmental conditions prevailed : temperature : 4.2 -25.5 $^{\circ}C, salinity : 30.23-32.$15\textperthousand, dissolved oxygen : 5.12-7.16 $ml$/l, pH : 7.84-8.17, phosphate : 0.22-0.56 $\mu $M, dissolved inorganic nitrogen : 3.16-9.10 $\mu $M, suspended solid : 7.6-17.9 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand: 0.46-1.61 mg/l and chlorophyll-a : 0.92-5.93 $\mug/l. Daily growth rate of shell length ranged from 0.066 to 0.071 mm/day for the lantern net cages, and from 0.079 to 0.082 mm/day for the bottom cages. Total weight also ranged from 0.067 to 0.082 g/day in the lantern net cages, as against 0.099 to 0.114 g/day in the bottom cages. Hemoglobin content of S. satowi (55 mm shell length), which was about 3.9 g/dl during february, 2001, increased to 6.0 and 7.0 g/dl during October, 2001 in animals culture in the lantern and bottom cages, respectively. ANOVA test of the growth rate showed that the growth rate of S. satowi, was significantly dependent on rearing density and the tested culture methods (P < 0.0001). The daily growth rate of the shell length was more significantly correlated with water temperature; the growth rate of shell length and total weight showed a tendency decrease with decreasing temperature. In cages suspended at the bottom, not only the increase shell weight but also the meat obtainable from comparable sized S. satowi was greater. Survival decreased with increasing density and was optimal at the density of 30 individual/cage.