• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1989

The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess potassium 9-sec-amyl-9-boratabicylco[3.3.1]nonane (K 9-sec-Am-9-BBNH) with selected organic compounds containing representative functional goups under standardized conditions (tetrahydrofuran, $0^{\circ}C)$ were examined in order to explore the reducing characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The reagent readily reduces aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides and epoxides to the corresponding alcohols. However, carboxylic acid, aliphatic nitriles, t-amides, and some sulfur compounds show very little reactivity or no reactivity to this reagent. The most interesting feature of the reagent is that aromatic nitriles are reduced moderately to the corresponding aldehyde stage, wheras aliphatic nitriles are inert. In addition, the reagent shows a high stereoselectivity toward cyclic ketones at $0^{\circ}C$ and - $25^{\circ}C.$ The selectivity exhibited at $0^{\circ}C$ is comparable to that by lithium trisiamylborohydride at that temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of exercise intensity and type on insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and exercise time. Obese thirty-two subjects (>body fat 30%) were randomly assigned one of four experimental groups: VO2 max 50% aerobic exercise group (MAE, n=8), VO2 max 80% aerobic exercise group (VAE, n=8), VO2 max 50% + resistance exercise group (MARE, n=8), and VO2 max 80% + resistance exercise group (VARE, n=8). Body fat significantly decreased in all groups and insulin resistance decreased significantly in MARE and VARE (p<.05 & p<.01) after exercise. CRP and IL-6 were slightly reduced after exercise, although these did not reach statistical significance, whereas the IL-6 level of the VAE group decreased significantly (p<.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ significantly decreased in the MAE group (p<.05) but significantly increased in the VARE group after exercise (p<.05). For exercise time, higher intensity exercise groups were significantly less than the lower intensity exercise groups (p<.001). These results suggest that body fat is affected by all kinds of exercise intensity and type while CRP is not. Insulin resistance and TNF-${\alpha}$ were affected by exercise type, whereas IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and exercise time were affected by exercise intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

$\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ thin films were prepared on Si substrate by a pulsed laser deposition system and characterized by X-ray and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The appropriate conditions of pulsation was the power of 5.128 W/cm2 at on oxygen pressure of 0.1 Torr at a substrate temperature of 30$0^{\circ}C$. After that the film was heated at 80$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 day. The particles shape deposited on the film was ellipsoidal and the average length and width were 200~300 nm, 70~150 am respectively. The crystal structure was conformed to be of corundums symmetry with the hexagonal unit cell having a lattice constant of u = 5.03$\pm$0.05 $\AA$, c = 13.735$\pm$0.05 $\AA$. The average angles between the atomic spin and the magnetic hyperfine field of Fe ion were 38$^{\circ}$and 48$^{\circ}$ at above and blow the Morin transition temperature respectively. The Morin transition was found to occur at the temperature ranges from 200 K to room temperature and atomic spin direction was assumed to change from 48$^{\circ}$ to 80$^{\circ}$in respect to the c-axis.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1994

A total 103 strains of Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from eel culture-ponds and examined for drug resistance, distribution and transferabilities of R plasmids. The drugs used were lincomycin(LM), penicillin(PM), sulfamethazine(SF), sulfadimethoxine(SD), cephalosprin(CP), chloramphenicol(CH), streptomycin(SM), oxytetracycline(OT), ampicillin(AP), oxolinic acid(OA), kanamycin(KM), amikacin(AK), gentamicin(GM) and enrofloxacin(EF). Two strains were resistant to the all drugs used, and all isolates were multiply resistant to drugs(at least 8 among 14 drugs), mostly restricted to LM(103 strains), PM(103 strains), SD(103 strains), SF(103 strains), CP(102 strains), CM(101 strains), SM(100 strains), OT(94 strains), AM(92 strains), OA(80 strains), KM(60 strains), AK(30 strains), GM(19 strains) and EF(14 strains), in combination at high degree showing 34 different drug resistant patterns. The most frequently encountered patterns were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM(22 strains, 22.4%) followed by LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OT(12 strains, 11.7%). LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP(7 strains, 6.8%), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%) and LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AM OX KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%). Transfer experiment of drug resistance showed that of 103 resistant strains, 100 strains(97%) transferred part or all resistance to all drugs, indicating that most isolates carried conjugally transferrable R plasmids determining multiple drugs. The most frequently observed transferarble R plasmids were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA(10 strains), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OX KM(7 strains) and LM PM SD SF CP CH AP OA(7 strains). These results sugested that eel culture-ponds were highly contaminated with different strains of Edwardsiella tarda, and that contaminated bacteria might be highly multiple resistant strains to drugs, carring transferable R plasmids.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2010

This study was to evaluate the usefulness of a programmed reproductive management including Presynch-Ovsynch-Resynch protocol in lactating dairy cows. Nine hundred and thirty four cows calved during February to May 2008 were used for this study. Cows received im injections of 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at $45{\pm}3$ and $59{\pm}3$ days in milk (DIM). Fourteen days later, Ovsynch was initiated with an im injection of $100\;{\mu}g$ GnRH ($73{\pm}3$ DIM), 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 7 days later ($80{\pm}3$ DIM), $100\;{\mu}g$ GnRH 56 h later and timed artificial insemination (TAI) 16 h after the GnRH injection. Cows showed estrus during the Presynch-Ovsynch, were inseminated artificially according to am-pm rule. Pregnancy was determined on 32 days after AI using ultrasonography. Cows diagnosed pregnant were re-examined for pregnancy by rectal palpation at 60 days after AI. Non-pregnant cows were resynchronized by receiving $100\;{\mu}g$ GnRH, 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 7 days later, $100\;{\mu}g$ GnRH 56 h later and TAI 16 h after. Cows with estrus since the first AI before the completion of Resynch protocol were also inseminated artificially according to am-pm rule. Pregnancy was determined by the same manner as following the first AI. Fifty five percents of the cows treated showed estrus and received AI before completion of the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol, while 45% received TAI, regardless of estrus exhibition following the completion of the protocol. The pregnancy rate following the first AI was higher in cows that showed estrus and received AI (43.3 and 38.5%) during the Presynch-Ovsynch than cows with TAI (34.6 and 29.6%) on 32 and 60 days after AI (P < 0.01). Sixty six percents of cows diagnosed non-pregnant following the first AI showed estrus before the completion of Resynch protocol and received AI, while 34% received TAI, regardless of estrus exhibition following the completion of the protocol. The pregnancy rate following the second AI was higher in cows that showed estrus before the completion of Resynch protocol and received AI (40.2 and 36.8%) than cows with TAI (21.2 and 18.2%) on 32 and 60 days after AI (P < 0.01). The cumulative pregnancy rates following the first and second AIs were 60.8 and 53.9% on 32 and 60 days after AI, respectively. These data suggest that inclusion of Presynch-Ovsynch-Resynch protocol and estrus detection into the programmed reproductive management might be an alternative option to control dairy cattle breeding.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2001

Effects of $LR_3$(太衝), $GB_{39}$(懸鍾) and $SP_4$(公孫) acupuncture on lipid composition were investigated in rat fed high fat diet. The results obtained from this study are as follows : 1. In the all treatment groups, the body weight values after feeding the basal diet for 4 weeks were significantly decreased compared to the initial body weight. However the decrement of body weight showed a high in acupuncture groups compared to those of control group. In the acupuncture groups, the decrement of body weight showed a high in the $LR_3$ acupuncture groups. 2. The contents of plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein and free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in the acupuncture groups compared to those of control group and the values of $LR_3$ acupuncture groups showed a low in the acupuncture groups. 3. The contents of plasma triglyceride showed a low values in the complex treatment group of $LR_3,\;GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$. However among the other treatment groups, this values showed no significantly different. The contents of liver triglyceride showed a tendency to decrease in all acupuncture groups except to the complex treatment group of $GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture and in the acupuncture groups, $LR_3$ acupuncture groups were lower than $GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture groups. 4. The contents of plasma glucose showed a tendency to decrease by the acupuncture treatment and $LR_3$ acupuncture groups showed a lower values than other acupuncture groups. 5. In the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetate transferase activity, $LR_3$ acupuncture group and the complex treatment group of $LR_3,\;GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture were a lower values than other treatment groups and among the other treatment groups showed no significantly different. The values of plasma glutamic pyruvate transferase activity showed no significantly different among all the treatment groups. 6. Contents of plasma and liver total cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in $LR_3$ acupuncture groups. However those of the other groups showed no significantly different. 7. In the contents of plasma LDL-cholesterol, $LR_3$ acupuncture groups were a lower values than other groups, however among the other groups showed no significantly different. The contents of plasma HDL-cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the acupuncture groups, however these values showed no significantly different.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2017

Background: Men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, have reduced endogenous testosterone levels, but the relationship between pulmonary function and endogenous testosterone levels, is inconsistent. Testicular volume is a known indicator of endogenous testosterone levels, male fertility, and male potency. In the present study, the authors investigated the relationship, between testicular volume and lung function. Methods: One hundred and eighty-one South Korean men age 40-70, hospitalized for urological surgery, were retrospectively enrolled, irrespective of the presence of respiratory disease. Study subjects underwent pulmonary function testing, prior to procedures, and testicular volumes were measured by orchidometry. Testosterone levels of patients in blood samples collected between $7{\small{AM}}$ and $11{\small{AM}}$, were measured by a direct chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results: The 181 study subjects were divided into two groups, by testicular volume (${\geq}35mL$ vs. <35 mL), the larger testes group, had better lung functions (forced vital capacity [FVC]: $3.87{\pm}0.65L$ vs. $3.66{\pm}0.65L$, p=0.037; forced expiratory volume in 1 second [$FEV_1$]: $2.92{\pm}0.57L$ vs. $2.65{\pm}0.61L$, p=0.002; FVC % predicted: $98.2{\pm}15.2%$ vs. $93.8{\pm}13.1%$, p=0.040; $FEV_1$ % predicted: $105.4{\pm}19.5%$ vs. $95.9{\pm}21.2%$, p=0.002). In addition, the proportion of patients with a $FEV_1/FVC$ of <70%, was lower in the larger testes group. Univariate analysis conducted using linear regression models, revealed that testicular volume was correlated with FVC (r=0.162, p=0.029), $FEV_1$ (r=0.218, p=0.003), $FEV_1/FVC$ (r=0.149, p=0.046), and $FEV_1$ % predicted (r=0.178, p=0.017), and multivariate analysis using linear regression models, revealed that testicular volume was a significant predictive factor for $FEV_1$ % predicted (${\beta}=0.159$, p=0.041). Conclusion: Larger testicular volume was independently associated, with favorable indices of lung function. These results suggest that androgens, may contribute to better lung function.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7003-7006
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• 2015

Background: Nanoparticles of gold and silver are offering revolutionary changes in the field of cancer therapy. N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes possess diverse biological activities and are being investigated as potential chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and possible mechanisms of action of two types of newly synthesized nanofiber composites containing BIAN N-heterocyclic gold carbene complexes in two types of human cancer cells, namely breast cancer (MCF7) and liver cancer (HepG2) cells and also in normal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT cell viability assay and oxidative stress by checking the total glutathione level. Results: Both compounds affected the cell survival of the tested cell lines at very low concentrations (IC50 values in the micro molar range) as compared to a well-known anti-cancer drug, 5 fluorouracil. A 60-80% depletion in total glutathione level was detected in treated cells. Conclusions: Reduction in total glutathione level is one of the biochemical pathways for the induction of oxidative stress which in turn could be a possible mechanism of action by which these compounds induce cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. The in vitro toxicity towards cancer cells found here means that these molecules could be potential anticancer candidates.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.80-83
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• 2011

Isotope ratio analysis of nuclear materials in individual particles is of great importance for nuclear safeguards. Although secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) are utilized for the analysis of individual uranium particles, few studies were conducted for the analysis of individual uranium-plutonium mixed oxide particles. In this study, we applied SIMS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to the isotope ratio analysis of individual U-Pu mixed oxide particles. In the analysis of individual U-Pu particles prepared from mixed solution of uranium and plutonium standard reference materials, accurate $^{235}U/^{238}U$, $^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$ and $^{242}Pu/^{239}Pu$ isotope ratios were obtained with both methods. However, accurate analysis of $^{241}Pu/^{239}Pu$ isotope ratio was impossible, due to the interference of the $^{241}Am$ peak to the $^{241}Pu$ peak. In addition, it was indicated that the interference of the $^{238}UH$ peak to the $^{239}Pu$ peak has a possibility to prevent accurate analysis of plutonium isotope ratios. These problems would be avoided by a combination of ICP-MS and chemical separation of uranium, plutonium and americium in individual U-Pu particles.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2002

Platycodin D was isolated from n-butanol extract of Platycodi radix(Platycodon grandiflorum and identified by the spectroscopic analysis using $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR techniques. A new method of analysis of platycodin D by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was established using a reversed phase system with YMC-Pack ODS-AM( 250 X 4.6 mm) column and 30% acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Evaporative light scattering detector was used as detector. The kinds of extraction solvents and methods were examined to determine the efficient extraction condition and HPLC analysis was carried out to establish the optimum drying condition for the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. The contents of Platycodin D was highest as 0.083% when platycodon roots were dried at $60^{\circ}C$ using dry oven.