• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 1977

Optical properties were studied in the Japan Sea based on the optical observations in nine oceanographic stations from September 28 to October 2, 1976. Submarine light intensity was measured by using a submarine illuminometer (RIGO, Type: 2501-A) : equipped with a filter(RIGO, Type:V-R-60, wavelength: 600-620nm). In the upper 40 m depth layer light intensity was measured at 1 m depth interval. The absorption coefficient for red color in the area ranged from 0.142 to 0.323 (mean 0.232) : the Secchi-disc depth in the area ranged from 15 to 23 meters (mean 19.8 meters). The relation ship between absorption coefficient (m) am transparency depth (D) was m =4.93/D. The rates of light penetration for red color at three different depths are computed with reference to the surface light intensity At tile depths of 5 m, 10 m and 20 m, the rates of light penetration were $23.11\%(15-34.2\%),\;6.49\%(3.04-12\%)\;and\;0.698\%(0.113-1.27\%)$ respectively.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to analyze the current status of hypertension related information on the mass-media. Data were collected on the hypertension related reports in three major broadcasting centers, KBS1$\cdot$2, MBC, SBS, for 2 years, 1999-2001. Sample of the study was 134 reports. The results were as follows: 1. There were differences in frequencies by broadcasting center and programs. KBS and 9PM News were highest in proportions, $62.6\%\;and\;37.3\%$ respectively. 2. In regard to reporting time, $90\%$ were reported in the afternoon. and $62.5\%$ of those reports were in 9 PM, followed by 8PM. & 7PM. and 6AM. 3. In regard to area of the report, $35.8\%$ belonged to social section, followed by $26.1\%$ science. $15.7\%$ international. and $11.2\%$ life and health. 4. In terms of monthly distribution, December, November, and August had higher proportion of reports than other months as well as fall and winter. 5. There were higher proportion of reports containing 'treatment and management' with 'complication management' targeted to 'patients' than 'prevention' targeted to 'general population' in terms of content of the report. In summary, MBC and SBS were more focused on 'treatment and management' with KBS more focused on 'prevention'. There were more 'prevention' related reports in summer, and 'complication management' reports in the morning with 'treatment and management' reports in the afternoon.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.269-280
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• 2003

Objective: We reported the overcoming effect of $Ni^{2+}$ on the in vitro 2-cell block of mouse embryos. In this study, we aim to investigate whether $Ni^{2+}$ should induce intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ transient in the mouse embryos. Materials and Methods: Embryos were collected at post hCG 32hr from the oviduct of the ICR mouse and cultured in M2 medium omitted phenol red. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ was checked by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and fluo-3AM by using various intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ antagonists. Results: In 1mM $Ni^{2+}$ treated medium which contained $Ca^{2+}$(1.71mM), 75.7% of the embryos showed $[Ca^{2+}]i$ transient about 200 sec later. In the $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, 69.8% of the embryos showed $[Ca^{2+}]i$ transient. In U73122, phospholipaseC(PLC) inhibitor (5uM, 10min) pretreated group, 33.3% of the embryos showed $[Ca^{2+}]i$ transient. Heparine, inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor(IP3R) antagonist preinjected embryos showed no response with 1mM $Ni^{2+}$. In danthrolene treatment, ryanodine receptor(RyR)-antagonist, 43% embryos showed $[Ca^{2+}]i$ transient but they showed delayed response about 340sec in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$. Conclusions: Summing up the above results, $Ni^{2+}$ seems to induce $Ca^{2+}$-release from the $Ca^{2+}$-store even in the $Ca^{2+}$-free medium. IP3 receptors of the mouse 2-cell embryos might have an essential role for the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ increase by $Ni^{2+}$.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.939-942
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• 2016

One of the most important characteristic curves of a solar cell is its current density-voltage (J-V) curve under AM1.5G insolation. Solar cell can be considered as a semiconductor diode, so a diode equivalent model was used to estimate its parameters from the J-V curve by numerical simulation. Active layer plays an important role in operation of a solar cell. We investigated the effect thicknesses and defect densities (N_d) of the active layer on the J-V curve. When the active layer thickness was varied (for N_d = 8×10¹⁷ cm^-3) from 800 nm to 100 nm, the reverse saturation current density (J_o) changed from 3.56×10^-5 A/cm² to 9.62×10^-11 A/cm² and its ideality factor (n) changed from 5.28 to 2.02. For a reduced defect density (N_d = 4×10¹⁵ cm^-3), the n remained within 1.45≤n≤1.92 for the same thickness range. A small increase in shunt resistance and almost no change in series resistance were observed in these cells. The low reverse saturation current density (J_o = 9.62×10^-11 A/cm²) and diode ideality factor (n = 2.02 or 1.45) were observed for amorphous silicon based solar cell with 100 nm thick active layer.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.82-84
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• 2003

Watershed boundaries and flow paths within the watershed are the most important factors required in watershed analysis. Most often the derivation of watershed boundaries and stream network and flow paths is based on topographical maps but spatial variation of flow direction is not clearly understandable using this method. Water resources projects currently use 1: 50, 000-scale ground survey or aerial photography-based topographical maps to derive watershed boundary and stream network. In basins, where these maps are not available or not accessible it creates a real barrier to watershed geo-spatial analysis. Such situations require the use of global datasets, like GTOPO30. Global data sets like ETOPO5, GTOPO30 are the only data sets, which can be used to derive basin boundaries and stream network and other terrain variations like slope aspects and flow direction and flow accumulation of the watershed in the absence of topographic maps. Approximately 1-km grid-based GTOPO 30 data sets can derive better outputs for larger basins, but they fail in flat areas like the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Amudarya in Uzbekistan. A new window in geo-spatial hydrology has opened after the launching of the space-borne satellite stereo pair of the Terra ASTER sensor. ASTER data sets are available at very low cost for most areas of the world and global coverage is expected within the next four years. The DEM generated from ASTER data has a reasonably good accuracy, which can be used effectively for hydrology application, even in small basins. This paper demonstrates the use of stereo pairs in the generation of ASTER DEMs, the application of ASTER DEM for watershed boundary delineation, sub-watershed delineation and explores the possibility of understanding the drainage flow paths in irrigation command areas. All the ASTER derived products were compared with GTOPO and 1:50,000-based topographic map products and this comparison showed that ASTER stereo pairs can derive very good data sets for all the basins with good spatial variation, which are equal in quality to 1:50,000 scale maps-based products.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2021

Information on butterflies in the Niger Delta Region is relatively scanty because monitoring of their activities and distribution has not been fully documented and these are paramount to establish their conservation protocols. The study therefore aimed at evaluating the species richness distribution pattern, and relative abundance of butterflies in the University of Port Harcourt. The University Park was purposively selected for this study. The park was stratified into three different habitat types (secondary forest, farmland, and residential/garden). A sampling of each stratum was done three times; twice in the morning between 8:00 am and 12:00 pm as well as once in the evening between 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm along a 100 m line transects for 16 months (May 2017-August 2018). Data collected were analyzed for species diversity indices, evenness, and similarity index. A total of 1,932 individual butterflies belonging to 28 species, 18 genera, and five 5 families were identified in the study area. Species diversity and evenness were higher on farmland (1-D=0.909; H'=2.615; E=0.833), and least in the residential area/gardens (1-D=0.744; H'=1.975; E=0.659). The family Nymphalidae (39.0%) had the highest number of species occurrence while Hesperidae (0.4%) had the lowest composition. Anthene larydas (24.12%) had the highest relative abundance in the entire study area, followed by Acraea serena (17.49%). The study, therefore, recommends continuous monitoring of butterfly species diversity and composition also in other regions.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

For the allergy patient who needs to know the situation about the extent of pollen risk, the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences developed a pollen forecasting system based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling (CMAQ). In the old system, pollen emission from the oak was estimated just based on the airborne concentration and meteorology factors, resulted in high uncertainty. For improving the quality of current pollen forecasting system, therefore the estimation of pollen emission is now corrected based on the observation of pollen emission at the oak forest to better reflect the real emission pattern. In this study, the performance of the previous (NIMS2014) and current (NIMS2016) model system was compared using observed oak pollen concentration. Daily pollen concentrations and emissions were simulated in pollen season 2016 and accuracy of onset and end of pollen season were evaluated. In the NIMS2014 model, pollen season was longer than actual pollen season; The simulated pollen season started 6 days earlier and finished 13.25 days later than the actual pollen season. The NIMS2016 model, however, the simulated pollen season started only 1.83 days later, and finished 0.25 days later than the actual pollen season, showing the improvement to predict the temporal range of pollen events. Also, the NIMS2016 model shows better performance for the prediction of pollen concentration, while there is a still large uncertainty to capture the maximum pollen concentration at the target site. Continuous efforts to correct these problems will be required in the future.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of Eriobotrya japonica L. (EJ) extract against Arachidonic acid (AA)+iron-induced oxidative stress. Methods : To confirm the cytoprotective effect of EJ against AA+iron-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells, it was evaluated by MTT assay, immunoblot anaylsis, and Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Additionally, the mechanism of action of the cytoprotective effect was evaluated through molecular mechanisms. Results : EJ (100 ㎍/mL) inhibited Arachidonic acid (AA)+iron-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. It also inhibited AA+iron-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production. EJ activated the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusions : In conclusion, EJ has the ability to protect liver cells from oxidative stress, indicating that it is related to AMPK-LKB1 signaling pathways.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Traffic management is becoming an important issue in turfgrass practise on golf course. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined impact of different traffic times and types of fertilization. Traffic treatment was applied in morning (AM), noon, and afternoon (PM). Fertilizers used include faster-release fertilizer (21-17-17) and slow-release fertilizers (12-6-18, 11-3-22, 20-3-20, 10-3-10). Experiment was conducted from Oct. 1 to Nov. 30, 2005 on a nursery putting green of Incheon Grand Golf Club. The growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis polustris cv. 'Seaside II') were evaluated on visual leaf color, leaf texture, shoot density, and root length. The measurement at 20 days after treatment, turfgrass color and leaf texture showed the best result on 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic plot. Turf quality and traffic tolerance were not different at Am and Pm traffic treatment. However, traffic stress in early morning and late evening caused the most severe damage to the turfgrass. Shoot density was the highest in 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic treatment but root length was not different among treatments after 30 day measurement. Among the fertilizers, slow release fertilizer resulted in higher turf quality and traffic tolerance than fast release fertilizer, however, shoot density did not showed a significantly different. For the fast recuperation of turfgrass from traffic injury in the early winter, it is recommended to avoid early morning and late evening traffic such as cup replacement and other maintenance practise. It is also recommended to delay the first tee-up time and ending early for last tee time during cold weather season.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.45-62
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• 1998

The study was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996 at the one general hospital in Seoul. The total subjects of this study were 412 patients who have the experience of fall accident, among them 31 was who have fallen during hospitalization and 381 was who visited emergency room and out patient clinic. The purposes of this study were to determine the characteristics, risk factors and results of fall accident and to suggest the nursing strategies for prevention of fall. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records and interviewing with the fallers and their family members. For data analysis, spss/pc+ program was utilized for descriptive statistics, adjusted standardized $X^2$-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Total subjects were 412 fallers, of which 245(59.5%) were men and 167(40.5%) were women. Age were 0-14 years 79(19.2%), 15-44 years 125(30.4%), 45-64 years 104(25.2%), over 65 years 104(25.2%). 2) There was significant association between age and the sexes ($X^2$=39.17, P=0.00). 3) There was significant association between age and history of falls ($X^2$=44.41. P= .00). And history of falls in the elderly was significantly associated with falls. 4) There was significant association with age and medical diagnosis ($X^2$=140.66, P= .00), chief medical diagnosis were hypertension(34), diabetis mellitus(22), arthritis(11), stroke(8), fracture(7), pulmonary tuberculosis(6), dementia(5) and cataract(5), 5) There was significant association between age and intrinsic factors: cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, insomnia, emotional problems, urinary difficulty, visual impairments, hearing impairments, use of drugs (sedatives , antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, antidepressants) (P < 0.05). But there was no significant association between age and dizziness ($X^2$=2.87, P=.41). 6) 15.3% of total fallers were drunken state when they were fallen. 7) Environmental factors of fall accident were unusual posture (50.9%), slips(35.2%), trips (9.5%) and collision(4.4%). 8) Most of falls occurred during the day time, peak frequencies of falls occurred from 1pm to 6pm and 7am to 12am. 9) The places of fall accident were roads(22.6%), house-stairs 06.7%), rooms, floors, kitchen (11.2%), the roof-top, veranda, windows(10.9%), hospital(7.5%), ice or snowy ways(5.8%), bathroom(4.9%), playground, park(4.9%), subway-stairs(4.4%) and public-bathrooms (2.2%). 10) Activities at the time of fall accident were walking(37.6%), turning around or reaching for something(20.9%), going up or down stairs09.2%), exereise, working07.4%), up or down from a bed(2.7%), using wheelchair or walking aids, standing up or down from a chair(2.2%) and standing still(2.2%). 11) Anatomical locations of injuries by falls were head, face, neck(31.3%), lower extremities (29.9%). upper extremities(20.6%), spine, thorax, abdomen or pelvic contents(l1.4%) and unspecified(2.9%). 12) Types of injures were fracture(47.6%), bruises03.8%), laceration (13.3%), sprains(9.0%), headache(6.6%), abrasions(2.9%), intracranial hemorrage(2.4%) and burns(0.5%). 13) 41.5% of the fallers were hospitalized and average of hospitalization was 22.3 days. 14) The six fallers(1.46%) died from fall injuries. The two fallers died from intracranial hemorrage and the four fallers died of secondary infection; pneumonia(2), sepsis(1) and cell lulitis(1). It is suggested that 1) Further study is needed with larger sample size to identify the fall risk factors. 2) After the fall accident, comprehensive nursing care and regular physical exercise should be emphasized for the elderly person. 3) Safety education and safety facilities of the public place and home is necessary for fall prevention.