• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.428-436
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• 1996

The protective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen on the carbon tetrachloride induced liver damaged rats were studied. First, methanol extract was prepared and the extract was fractionated with hexane, $CHCl_3$, BuOH and $H_2O$ respectively. Animals were divided into 6 groups and each group was treated with each fraction respectively. To investigate the hepato-protective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen AST, ALT, albumin, TP, cholesterol, TG, creatinine and total bilirubin values were measured in each treated group and compared with those of control group. GST activity was increased in BuOH group compared with the control group. In malondialdehyde levels, all fractions was decreased compared with the control group. In histopathologic examination, hexane and $H_2O$ fractions of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen observed mild degree of ballooning degeneration. The results show the protective effect of Hexane,$CHCl_3$, BuOH and $H_2O$ fractions on hepatotoxicity of $CHl_4$ by decreasing ALT, AST, bilirubin, cholesterol, TG and BUN. It seems that the decrease of MDA are related to the recovery effect. The protective effects of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen fractions in hepatotoxic pathogenesis by $CHl_4$ was suggested in blood chemistry analysis and histopathologic examination.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to probe the influences of krill (Euphausia superba) meal with NaF oral administration on a dose-effect relationship between fluoride levels of krill meal and serum enzyme activity such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rats fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. There were no significant decreases in the activities of ALP, AST, ALT, and LDH in sera among krill meal diet groups (KF10, KF20, KF30). However, these groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower enzyme activities than normal diet (ND) plus NaF 10 mg group (NF). The fluoride levels of serum and organ tissues (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney) in NaF 10 mg groups (NF, KF10, KF20, KF30) were significantly increased by adding krill meal in comparison with normal diet group. The results indicate that a difficult to found toxicity to the tissues from krill meal diet groups.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2024

In a preliminary study, live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) Lactobacillus plantarum LC27 and Bifidobacterium longum LC67 inhibited the secretion of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in LPS-stimulated HepG2 cells, while Escherichia coli K1 (Ec) increased ALT and ALT secretion. Therefore, we examined the effects of LC27 and LC67 on LPS-induced liver injury and fibrosis in mice and the correlation between their biomarkers in cell and animal experiments. Orally administered LC27 or LC67 significantly decreased blood ALT, AST, γ-glutamyl transferase (γGTP), TNF-α, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCh), total bile acid, and LPS levels, liver TNF-α, toll-like receptor-4 gene (Tlr4), α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and collagen-1 expression and αSMA⁺GFAP⁺ and NF-κB⁺F4/80⁺ cell populations, and colonic Tlr4, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression and NF-κB-positive cell population in LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, they increased AMPKa phosphorylation in the liver and colon. However, Ec increased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in blood, liver, and colon. The suppression of LPS-stimulated ALT and AST secretion in HepG2 cells by LBPs was positively correlated with their ameliorating effects on LPS-induced blood γGTP, ALT, and AST levels and liver αSMA and collagen-1 expression in mice. Based on these findings, LC27 and LC67 may improve liver injury and fibrosis by regulating NF-κB and AMPK signaling pathway and a protocol that can assay the inhibitory activity of LBPs on LPS-induced ALT and AST secretion in HepG2 may be useful for guessing their antihepatitic effects in the in vivo experiments.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

The variation in the enzyme activities of human liver usually represents the particular physiological conditions of each individuals. Thus, we investigated the variation in the activities of SOD, HR and LPO of (1) non-exposed workers (56 subjects), and (2) exposed workers to DMF (43 subjects) in synthetic leather process. Serum levels of enzyme activities of exposed workers (AST:$30.26{\pm}20.041$U/L, ALT:$32.72{\pm}23.393$U/L, GGT:$28.47{\pm}18.635$ U/L, ALP:$81.77{\pm}34.879$ U/L)were slightly higher than those in nonexposed workers (AST:$24.00{\pm}9.441$ U/L, ALT:$23.89{\pm}18.305$U/L, GGT:$21.95{\pm}17.970$U/L, ALP:$70.84{\pm}24.678$U/L), but only the level of ALT was statistically significant (p< 0.05). Serum levels of LDH, TRF and CHOL in non-exposed workers were slightly higher than those of exposed workers. However, they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Serum levels of HR and LPO of the exposed workers appeared to be reduced, but not those of the non-exposed workers. The SOD activities of exposed workers were also slightly higher than those of non-exposed workers, but the results were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The level of HR was increased with age, but the SOD level was not. These results suggest that the intermittent exposure to DMF at time-weighted average (TWA) level (10 ppm/$m^3$) has affected on the activities of enzymes such as AST, ALT, TRF, but not on the generation of HR, activity of SOD. However, if high dose of DMF was used, there would be severe effects for the generation of HR and LPO.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.358-366
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of glycynhizin, active glycosides of Glycyrrhizae Radix, and baicalin, bioactive flavonoid isolated from Scutellariae Radix, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl$_4$, 10 mM), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH, 0.5 mM), and D-galactosamine (GaIN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte (18 hr cultured) were treated with CCl$_4$, TBH, or GaIN and various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ${\mu}$M) of glycyrrhizin or baicalin. Activity was accessed by determining the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aminotransferses. CCl$_4$ significantly increased the levels of LDH, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and these increases were prevented by baicalin concentrations of 0.1,1, and 100 ${\mu}$M. The increases in ALT and AST levels were reduced by glycyrrhizin concentration of 100 ${\mu}$M. The level of LDH was markedly increased by TBH, and this increase was reduced by both glycyrrhizin and baicalin. ALT and AST levels were increased by TBH, which were prevented by glycynhizin and bacalin, respectively: GaIN markedly increased the levels of LDH, ALT and AST These increases was significantly reduced by both glycyrrhizin and baicalin. These results suggest that glycynhizin and baicalin possess the hepatoprotective activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.229-232
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• 1995

In order to study if Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) has protective effects on hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mouse, one of the species which are sensitive to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, effects of GR on liver weight to body weight ratio, serum alanine and aspartate transaminase (ALT and AST) activities, hepatic UDP-GT2 activity, and histopathologic changes were determined in acetaminophen-treated mice. Liver weight to body weight ratio and UDP-GT2 activity in mouse liver were not altered by GR. However, GR pretreatment lowered serum ALT and AST activities by 77% and 90% respectively, and diminished the degree of centrilobular necrosis caused by acetaminophen in liver as determined by histopathologic observation. These results suggest a possible protective effect of GR against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 1991

Poly[(tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal)-alt-(maleic anhydride)] was synthesized by free radical copolymerizations of the relevant comonomers. The alternating sequence of the copolymer was confirmed by $^1$H-NMR, elemental analysis, and titration of anhydride groups incorporated into the copolymer. Hydrolysis of the copolymer under different conditions resulted in poly[(2-acetoxymethyl-3,4-diacetoxytetrahydropyran-5,6-diyl) (1,2-dicarboxyethylene)] and poly[(2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydropyran-5,6-diyl) (1,2-dicarboxyethylene)]. The cytotoxicities of these polymers measured against normal and tumor cells (3LL, B16) in vitro were found to be higher than that of DIVEMA, a prototype polymer having a high antitumor activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2013

The results of the alcohol decomposition ability of Aronia melanocarpa are as follows. Plasma alcohol concentration of the Aronia group was ca. 48.9% lower than the control group, but half an hour faster in that of Aronia before alcohol group, ca. 54.9% higher and half an hour later than that of the control group. ALDH(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) of the Aronia group was ca. 243% higher than that of the control group. But maximal ALDH of the group taking Aronia before alcohol administration showed 0.5h faster and ca. 267% higher than that of the control group. This result shows that the activity of ALDH was increased by the Aronia. Aronia group's AST and ALT are increasing with similar patterns and their levels continually under the control's, but ca. 12.6% lower at AST and ca. 19.0% lower at ALT than those of control group. Ca. 21.7% lower at AST and ca. 40.5% lower at ALT in the Aronia group before alcohol administration than those of the control group. This result shows that Aronia has a role of suppressor against the liver damage. Therefore, this study proved lucidly the protective effects of Aronia on the hepatocyte.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.527-537
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• 1991

To evaluate an effect of liver xanthine oxidase on the induction of liver damage, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was intraperitoneally injected twice at 0.1ml/100g body weight to the rate fed a low (LP)or high protein diet(HP) while the control group fed LP or HP received only olive oil. The changing rate of liver xanthine oxidas activity was compared with that of a free radical generating enzyme, liver aniline hydroxylase and a scavenging enzyme, glutathions S-transferase activity between the rate fed a LP and those fed HP, and the two groups treated with CCl4. Concomitantly, the degree of liver damage which could be considered as the paramete for CCl4 metabolism in case of CCl4-intoxicated animal was observed in the present experimental conditions and the effect of allopurinol, xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on the CCl4-toxicity of rate liver was alos demostrated. On the other hand, the comparative effect of actinomycin D on the liver and serum xanthine oxidase of CCl4-treated rats fed HP with that of those fed LP and the kinetics of purifed liver enzyme from the liver of CCl4-treated rats fed HP was also compared with that of those fed LP to clarify the differences of xanthine oxidase activity between two groups. The increasing rate of liver weigth/body wt, serum levels of ALT and the decreasing rate of hepatic ALT activity and protein contents to each control group were higher in CCl4-treated rats fed HP than those fed LP. Under the animal models as indentified by the present data herein, the liver xanthine oxidase activity was higher in CCl4-treated rats fed HP than those fed LP, and the control group fed HP also showed the much higher activity xanthine oxidase than that fed LP, whereas there were no differences in the activity of hepatic aniline hydroxylase and glutathions S-transferase between the two group treated with CCl4. Although the hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity was somewhat higher in the rats fed HP than those fed LP, the increasing rate of liver xanthine oxidase to the rats fed LP was higher in those fed HP than that of liver aniline hydroxylase. The degree of liver damage identified such as liver weight and serum ALT activity was less in the CCl4-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol. These results suggest that even a system at which xanthine oxidase acts as well as the drug metabolizing enzyme may influence the acelatin of CCl4 metabolism. In addition, the purified liver xanthine oxidase from CCl4-treated rats fed HP showed decreased Km value when compared to its control group. The Km value of liver xanthine oxidase of CCl4-treated rats fed LP showed a similar Km value with its control group. Furthermore, the decreasing rate of liver and serum xanthine oxidase acitivity in CCl4-treated rats pretreated with actinomycin D to the CCl4-treated rats was higher in rats fed HP than in those fed LP. These results suggest that the inductino of xanthine oxidase in CCl4-treated rats fed HP may be greater than in those fed LP.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2008

Aloe vera extract was fermented by Lactobacillus casei. The ability of fermented Aloe vera (FAV) as an antioxidant to protect against $CCl_4$-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats was investigated. The rats were administered orally with various doses of FAV with 50, 100 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. For this study, we not only tested activity of various plasma enzymes (AST, ALT), which are used as indicators of liver disease, but also checked those change of liver components such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Pretreatment of FAV for two weeks significantly reduced the elevated plasma enzyme activities induced by $CCl_4$. Pretreatment of FAV also restored the hepatic enzyme, malonedialdehyde (MDA) formation. The results indicate that FAV has a protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the administration of $CCl_4$ in rats, and that the hepatoprotective effects of FAV may be due to both the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the increase of antioxidant activity.