• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2005

Background: Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder that often causes functional disability. There have been very few investigations about the clinical characteristics of ET in Korea. Therefore, we performed a study showing the clinical features and electrophysiological findings of ET. Methods: We analyzed medical records and accelerometry data of 152 patients (male vs female; 79 vs 73) with ET, who visited the Neurology Clinic of Hospital from 2000 to 2003. Clinical characteristics of ET were summarized including the age of onset, family history, tremor type, body part involved, and associated symptoms. The frequency of tremor was recorded and the spectral analysis of tremor was performed. Results: The age of tremor onset showed bimodal distribution with peaks in the 2nd and 5th decades. Family history was found in 46 patients (30.3%). The patients with the family history presented earlier onset of tremor than patients without the history (mean age of onset, y: 35.2 vs. 49.9, P < 0.001). Tremor appeared most frequently in hands (94%), and followed by head (25%). In head tremor, "no-no" pattern was mainly observed and the head tremor was more frequently observed in female. The frequency of tremor was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.49, P<0.001). Conclusions: The present study indicated some important findings about ET: (1) bimodal distribution for an age of onset, (2) younger age of onset in patients with a family history, (3) decreasing frequency of the tremor according to age, and (4) higher prevalence of head tremor in female patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2001

Twenty-four new born crossbred (Bos indicus$\times$Bos taurus) calves were distributed in two equal groups and assigned to two different pre-starter diets with (Group 1) and without (Group 2) fish meal to study the effect of replacement of animal protein by vegetable protein in the diet and the age of animals on ruminal metabolic development. All calves were fed colostrum for 24 h and whole milk until weaning at 8 weeks of age. Rumen fluid samples were collected on 4 d, 1 wk, and then weekly interval up to 8 wk of age. Rumen fluid samples were analysed for pH, TVFA, lactic acid and N fractions (total N, total soluble N, trichloro acetic acid (TCA) soluble N, TCA precipitable N and ammonia N). Weekly feed intake and live weight gain pattern showed an increasing trend with the advancement of age, but were similar in both groups. The pH fell steadily during 0-4 wk of age and then stabilized in later period. A close relationship (r=0.80) between starter intake and TVFA concentration was observed in both the groups. Lactic acid (meq/l) and ammonia N (mg/dl) concentration showed initial rise (0.55 and 14.97 on day 4 to 3.38 (7 wk) and 32.85 (4 wk), respectively) to fall (2.74 and 17.60) again during 8 wk of age in response to increase in dry feed consumption (10% initially to 83% of diet dry matter at 8 wk of age). The TCA precipitable fraction of N did not show any change during 0-8 wk of age. Data indicate that the metabolic changes responded rapidly to dry feed intake which did not differ in fish meal and non-fish meal groups, and a poor voluntary consumption of oat hay retards the progressive changes in live weight and rumen microbial development.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.3 s.61
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

Age-related changes in the geometry of human lumbar spine would lead to changes of its mechanical behaviors. To investigate the effects of the geometric changes, no age-related changes in the material/mechanical properties were considered. Using the finite element method. two age-related models of lumbar spine segments (L3-L4) were constructed. The annulus of the models was modeled as laminate composite elements with 16 layers and 6 materials. The spinal stiffness and facet reaction of the lumbar spine increased with the age-related geometric changes in various combined loadings. Fiber and transverse tensile strains of the inner annulus. cancellous bone stress and end-plate stress decreased with the age-related geometric changes whereas fiber/layer compressive strains of the annulus. facet reaction. ligament reaction and end-plate rigidity increased. Consequently, it appears that in the normal age-related deterioration of discs, the age-related geometric change contributes to the increase of spinal stiffness (the decrease in range of the motion segment), preventing an excessive deformation of the disc.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.471-481
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptive between Korean and Japanese university students in order to provide better sex education programs and direcrion. Korean subjects of this study were 337 university students in M city, during the period from April 1 to April 20, 2001 and Japanese subjects 245, during the period from June to August, 2001. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS package. The results from this study were summarized as follows : 1. The mean age of Koreans and Japanese students was $21.0{\pm}3.2$ and $19.6{\pm}3.2$ years old. The number of Japaneses youths having the parter with sexual intercourse was larger than that of Korean university students. 2. Comparison of knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptives between Korean and Japanese university students ; 1) Comparison of sexual differences : Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked $55.7{\pm}7.5$ of male students and $56.7{\pm}6.2$ of females with a range of 15 to 75. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p=.080). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked $81.1{\pm}12.2$ of male students and $76.9{\pm}10.3$ of female's with a range of 24 to 120. The level of male students' attitude was higher than that of female's and there is statistically a significant difference(p= 002). Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Japanese university students marked $55.3{\pm}6.7$ of male students and $57.0{\pm}6.3$ of female students. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p=.159). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Japanese university students marked $80.3{\pm}10.1$ of male students and $80.4{\pm}9.9$ of female students. The level of female students' attitude was higher than that of male's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .928). 2) Comparison between the country : Oral conceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked $56.2{\pm}6.8$ and $56.7{\pm}6.4$ of Japanese university students with a range of 15 to 75. The level of Japanese university students' knowledge was higher than that of Korean's but there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .361). Oral conceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked $78.9{\pm}11.4$ and $80.4{\pm}9.9$ of Japaneses with a range of 24 to 120. The level of Japanese university studentss' attitude was higher than that of Korean's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p=.100). 2. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.178, p=.004) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.467 p= .000) in Korean university students. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.289, p=.004), age and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.196 p=.002) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively (r=.671 p=.000) in Japanese university students. 3. Korean university students lifted side effect by the greatest factors in investigation about leading person that disturb work oral contraceptive, and the following appeared by knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, social prejudice, sexual morality decline, supernumerary prescription being not right, other person reverse and economical burden. Japanese university students can know that it is appearing by side effect, supernumerary prescription being not right, knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, economical burden, social prejudice, sexual morality decline and other person reverse. Think that this is result by dissimilar health medical system and cultural difference between two countries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1403-1409
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare Obesity Age (OA) and chronological age, to calculate Obesity Age (OA), which gauges the state of obesity, and to analyze presented factors of obesity using expectant factors on middle-aged obese women. The subjects were one hundred twenty seven middle-aged obese women ($49.6\pm7.3$ yr, BMI $29.41\pm2.9$, fat $36.8\pm4.6%$) who participated in different weight loss programs three times. The body composition, physical fitness, blood pressure and blood were measured before the weight loss programs. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before enrollment in the study. The regression equation is as follows: (1) OAS (Obesity Age Score)=$0.106*X_1+0.035*X_2+0.048*X_3+0.041*X_4+0.003*X_5-0.037*X_6-10.667$ ($X_1$: BMI, $X_2$: weight, $X_3$: %fat, $X_4$: WC, $X_5$: TG, $X_6$: $VO_{2max}$), (2) OA (Obesity Age)=7.3*OAS+49.6*(-1), (3) Z (correction factor)=(CA-49.6)(1-0.03), (4) OAc (corrected Obesity Age)=1.03*CA-7.3*OAS+1.47. The comparison of corrected Obesity Age (OAc) and chronological age did not have any differences, and the average of the OAc was close to chronological age. The correlation coefficient between the OAc and chronological age was r=0.724 (p<0.05). The equation can be utilized for middle-aged obese women, because it could evaluate the obesity-related factors by including BMI, body weight, %fat, waist circumference, triglycerides and $VO_{2max}$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.783-787
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• 2011

This study was attempted to identify factors related to the health habit practice in stroke patients of some area. Data was surveyed using interview and questionnaires by 142 stroke patients who visited a general hospital which was located in Seoul from May 3 to June 3, 2010. The results were as follows ; First, there was significantly negative correlation between health information and unpredictability(r=-0.264, p<0.01), and positive correlation between uncertainty and stress(r=0.582, p<0.01). Secondly, as a result of multiple regression analysis,, health habit practice of stroke patients was significantly influenced by age($R^2$=0.62, p=0.000), unpredictability($R^2$=0.096, p=0.006), health information($R^2$=0.055, p=0.005), sex($R^2$=0.068, p=0.003), the usage of stroke therapy($R^2$=0.041, p=0.017). In conclusion, strategies for enhancing health information and reducing uncertainty are needed to promote health habit practice in patients with stroke.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2011

The population ecological characteristics of the Crucian carp, Carassius auratus, were determined in order to estimate stock of the mid-upper system of the Seomjin River. The fish ranged in size from 95 to 288mm total length. The age was determined by counting the scale annulus. The scales displayed clear annulus that were used to estimate the age. The oldest fish observed in this study was 5 years old. Age-2 fishes were the most numerous in the sample(n=38), followed in frequency be age-3(n=22). Marginal index analysis validated the formation of a single annulus per year. The relationship between body length and body weight was BW = $0.0038BL^{3.73}$($R^2$=0.96) (p<0.01). The relationship between the scale radius and body length was BL = 2.362R+2.76($R^2$=0.89). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}$=33.2 cm, $W_{\infty}$=1,798.4 g, $K=0.20year^{-1}$ and $t_0$=-0.51year. Therefore, Growth in length of the fish was expressed by the von Bertalanffy's growth equation as $L_t=33.23$($1-e^{-0.20(t+0.51)}$)($R^2$=0.98). The annual survival rate was estimated to be 0.427year$^{-1}$. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality of estimated from the Zhang and Megrey method was $0.784year^{-1}$, and instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality was calculated $0.067year^{-1}$. From the estimates of survival rate, the instantaneous coefficient of total mortality was estimated to be $0.851year^{-1}$.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.383-392
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• 1997

To study the differences of bone mineral density according to the gestational ages and the birth weight and get a reference data for the diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases in the newborn infants, bone mineral densities of the lumbar vertebrae were measured in fifty-three newborn infants born at Yeungnam University Hospital from March 1, 1995 to February 28, 1997, whore gestational ages were between $28^{+3}$ and $41^{+3}$ weeks and who had no intrauterine growth retardation, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (X-R 26, Norland, USA) within seven days of life. 1. There was no sexual difference in bone mineral density. The bone density increased significantly as gestational age increased from $0.149{\pm}0.009g/cm^2$ at 28-30wks to $0.229{\pm}0.034g/cm^2$ at 39-41wks of gestational age (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between bone mineral densities at 33-34 wks and 35-36wks. There was positive linear correlation between gestational age and bone mineral density ($Y=7.5{\times}10^{-3}X-0.082$, r=0.7018, p<0.001). 2. The bone mineral density increased significantly as the birth weight increased from $0.158{\pm}0.020g/cm^2$ in 1,000-1,499 g to $0.251{\pm}0.021g/cm^2$ in 3,500-4,000 g of the birth weight (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between bone mineral densities in 1,000-1,499 g and 1,500-1,999 g of the birth weight. There was positive linear correlation between the birth weight and the bone mineral density ($Y=3.9{\times}10^{-5}X+0.093$, r=0.7296, p<0.001). There were positive correlations between the bone mineral density and gestational age, and between the bone mineral density and the birth weight. It can be used as a reference data for the further study on the bone mineral metabolism in the newborn infants including preterm babies.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.529-537
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of sexual satisfaction and daily stress in breast cancer patients. Methods: Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. Data survey was conducted with 500 conveniently selected breast cancer patients who visited the out patient department in 5 university hospitals in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Gang-won province. Results: The sexual satisfaction of breast cancer patients score was 31.34 and there were significant sexual satisfaction differences by age, education level, menopause and sexual activity frequency. Sexual satisfaction was negatively related with daily stress (r = -.177) especially personal stress (r = -.155), economic stress (r = -.138), stress of self (r = -.181), family stress (r = -.154) and stress about leisure (r = -.139). Conclusion: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal sexual rehabilitation nursing interventions for breast cancer patients care nurse. Furthermore continuous and customized education and counseling programs can contribute to promote healthy sexual life for breast cancer patients.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the major factors affecting performance of health promoting behavior and Pender's health promotion model was examined. The subjects were 508 workers employed in 4 manufacturing industries, data was collected from May 19th to 24th, 1997 using questionaires and it was used convenient sampling method. Data were analyzed by SPSS Win 6.1 program. The results of this study were as follows 1. The average score of health promoting behavior was 2.47. 2. The Health promoting behavior in the relationships between health promoting behavior and demographic factors, there is statistically significant difference in age(F=2.56, P=.0378), religion(F=6.34, P=.0001), working type(F=4.56, P=.0036)variables. 3. The performance score of health promoting behavior was statistically positively correlated with Definition of health(r=.2471. P=.000), Self-efficacy(r=.1385, P=.002), Internal health locus of control(r=.126, P=.000), External health locus of control(r=.2550, P=.000), Chance health locus of control(r=.3023, P=.000), but negatively with Perceived health status(r=-.2076, P=.000). 4. The major factors were Chance health locus of control. Definition of health, working hours, self-efficacy, External health locus of control. and explained for $39.58\%$ of Health promoting behavior performance score.