• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.294-298
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• 2009

Purpose: The pharyngeal flap is one of the popular surgical method to treat the problem of velopharyngeal dysfunction. This study evaluated speech outcomes of patients who underwent superiorly based pharyngeal flap surgery based on timing of surgery. Methods: A restrospective review of 50 patients who underwent pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency between September 1996 and January 2008 was undertaken. Thirty patients with an available preoprative and postoperative speech assessments with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in this study. We checked out the significance of speech improvement after surgery analysing preoperative and postoperative scoring of speech assessment. We also investigated the direct relationship between the age at surgery and the degree of speech improvement, and the improvement score in different age groups. Results: The mean score of preoperative speech was $52.6{\pm}7.4points$ and postoperative speech was $58.6{\pm}6.5points$, which presented significant postoperative speech improvement with an average of 5.9 points(p<0.01). There was a significant inverse relationship between the age at operation and speech improvement degree(p<0.01, r = -0.54). Comparing the age groups, the age group of 4 to 5 years presented statistically significant speech improvement(p<0.01). Conclusion: we propose that all patients indicated should take pharyngeal flap irrespective of age. In this study, the younger the age at surgery, the higher degree of speech improvement, for which we suggest that surgical approach should be undertaken as early as possible, especially younger than age 5 years.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.449-451
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• 2007

In the commercially managed timber lands, the information such as height, age, stand density, canopy closure and leaf area index need to be collected periodically. Stand volume is the most fundamental information in the valuation of timber, however, stand age information is the primary element of forest inventory and these two are highly correlated. Conventional method of collecting stand age information by field surveys such as ring count method is accurate; however, it is expensive, labor-intensive and time consuming. In the present study it was aimed to collect stand age information using modem techniques in a commercially managed timberland situated in Tennessee, USA. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) of three different periods, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), National elevation dataset (NED) and field inventory data were used. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Tasselled Cap (TC) transformation techniques were applied on the TM and ETM+ data. The regression analysis was carried out to identify the correlation between stand age and NDVI, TC. In the present study about 2,469 datasets were analyzed. The $R^{2}$ value for stand age estimation was 0.713. The NDVI, TC2 and TC3 were found to produce accurate timber age information.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.178-185
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• 2018

Purpose: We aim to assess the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), Adaptive Behavior (AB) and Social-Emotional (SE) scales at 18 to 24 months of corrected age (CA) to examine their associations with school-age cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children born preterm. Methods: Eighty-eight infants born with a very low birth weight (<1,500 g) or a gestational age of less than 32 weeks who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 2008 to 2009 were included. Of the 88 children who completed school-age tests at 6 to 8 years of age, 37 were assessed using the Bayley-III, including the AB and SE scales, at 18 to 24 months of CA. Correlation, cross-tabulation, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess the longitudinal associations. Results: A significant association was observed between communication scores on the Bayley-III AB scale at 18 to 24 months of CA and the Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC) full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at school age (r=0.531). The total behavior problem scores of the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) at school age were significantly negatively related to the Bayley-III SE and AB scales but not to the cognitive, language, or motor scales. Conclusion: Our findings encourage AB and SE assessments during the toddler stage and have important implications for the early identification of children in need of intervention and the establishment of guidelines for follow-up with high-risk infants.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1988

Two rational formulae depicting the relationships between sludge ages and recycle flow rates have been developed to determine sludge wasting volumes at a particular sludge age. A sensitivity analysis shows that the recycle ratio is the most important variable to be measured as accurately as possible in determining the sludge wasting volume to maintain a particular sludge age when the system is controlled by wasting recycled sludge. On the other hand, the final clarifier solids capturing capacity is the most important variable to be measured when the system is operated by wasting mixed liquor.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to figure out the stand structure and growth characteristic with relation to DBH, height, and volume in sixteen Pinus koraiensis plantations of Gangwon province region. Age class was diversely distributed from age class II (16 yr) to age class VIII (77 yr), and, in terms of site index, sixteen regions were superior: nine regions 'high', seven regions 'middle'. The distribution of DBH by sites appeared a bell-shaped curve, and the number of trees was the most in diameter section of 18-22 cm. The dispersion of DBH was various with age and widest ranging from 18 cm to 58 cm in age class VII-VIII. The distribution of height was also a bell-shaped curve with the smaller deviation than the distribution of DBH, and most of trees were in height section of 14-18 m. The correlation of DBH and height was high (r=0.75), and the volume bigger than 1.0 $m^3$ was presented from DBH 35 cm, height 20 m.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 1994

An experiment was conducted to investigate the performance and production cost of Pekin ducklings fed varying levels of dietary protein. One hundred and twenty ducklings in four separate groups received either 16, 18, 20 or 22% CP in the starter period (day-old to 3rd week of age). These four groups ate either 12, 14, 16 or 18% CP respectively during the grower-finisher period (4th week to 12th week of age). The results of the study indicated that in a tropical country like Bangladesh, the protein needs of Pekin ducklings should be satisfied depending on the age at which the birds are to be marketed. If the ducklings are to be marketed at 6 weeks, 22/18% CP would be sufficient. When the marketing is aimed at 9 weeks of age, 20/16% would be adequate. For ducklings which are to be marketed at 12 weeks of age, a protein level of 18/14% would be required. All these results should help the producers to keep production cost to a minimum. The exceptional capacity of ducklings for compensatory growth would help keep birds on low protein levels if they are reared upto 9 or 12 weeks before marketing.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in pronounced phrasal words of the Seoul Corpus by gender and age groups in order to provide linguists and phoneticians with a clearer understanding of the spoken Korean. Both orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Corpus using Praat. Then, phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs were tabulated using an R script after syllabifying the phrasal words into separate components. Results revealed that 97% of the number of syllables in the orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were the same while 65.8% showed difference in the syllable structure. 90.5% of the vowels in the orthographic phrasal words were realized in the pronounced phrasal words. A Chi-square test of independence was performed to obtain a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types of male and female groups along with a very strong correlation. Female group changed the diphthong yo into yv at the end of the pronounced phrasal words more often than the male group did. Age groups also showed a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types along with a very strong correlation. Females in the 40s produced the diphthong yv and made the vowel raising at the end of the pronounced phrasal words most often among the gender and age groups. From the results, this paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in light of syllable structure can contribute greatly to the understanding of the spoken Korean.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.607-626
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• 2023

This study analyzes consumer fashion purchase patterns from a big data perspective. Transaction data from 1 million transactions at two Korean fashion brands were collected. To analyze the data, R, Python, the SPADE algorithm, and network analysis were used. Various consumer purchase patterns, including overall purchase patterns, seasonal purchase patterns, and age-specific purchase patterns, were analyzed. Overall pattern analysis found that a continuous purchase pattern was formed around the brands' popular items such as t-shirts and blouses. Network analysis also showed that t-shirts and blouses were highly centralized items. This suggests that there are items that make consumers loyal to a brand rather than the cachet of the brand name itself. These results help us better understand the process of brand equity construction. Additionally, buying patterns varied by season, and more items were purchased in a single shopping trip during the spring season compared to other seasons. Consumer age also affected purchase patterns; findings showed an increase in purchasing the same item repeatedly as age increased. This likely reflects the difference in purchasing power according to age, and it suggests that the decision-making process for pur- chasing products simplifies as age increases. These findings offer insight for fashion companies' establishment of item-specific marketing strategies.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.262-276
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among the stroke patient family's health, burden and quality of life which is based upon the comparative appreciation of the adult stroke patient's family and elderly stroke patient's family. For this purpose, data were collected from the family care-givers for two groups of stroke patients under sixty years old and over sixty years of age, admitted at K Hospital and H Hospital in Seoul. The instruments for this research are based on the tool for measuring physical health and psychological health developed by Yang, Young-hee(1992), the tool for measuring the sense of burden by Seo, Mee-hae and Oh, Ga-sil(1993), and the tool for the quality of life by Noh, Yoo-ja(1988). The sampling for this study was done from December, 2000 until February, 2001. Questionnaire data were drawn up by personal interviews aided by the staff nurses. The analysis of collected data are based on general characteristics calculated at the rate of 100 percent of the average, t-test, ANOVA(some difference on a level with p<.05 being subsquently confirmed by DMR) for Health Status, Burden, Quality of Life and Pearson Correlation to verify the hypothetical correlation among the subjects. The results of this study are as follows: 1. In the adult stroke patient family, the factors influencing the physical health proved to be age, present occupation and family-formation. Here, the factors influencing psychological health turned out to be age, matrimonial status, present occupation and family-formation. In the elderly stroke patient family, the factors influencing physical health proved to be age, gender, final academic status, matrimonial status, present occupation, and relation with the patient. Here, the factors influencing the psychological health were age, final academic status, matrimonial status, present occupation, relation with the patient and family-formation. In the former case, the influencing factors upon the burden were shown to be age, final academic status, matrimonial status, relation with the patient and family-formation. In the latter case, the influences upon the burden were age, gender, final academic status, matrimonial status, present occupation and relation with the patient. In the former case, the influences on the quality of life were gender, and economic situation. In the later case, the influencing factors on the quality of life were age, final academic status, matrimonial status, present occupation, and relation with the patient. 2. The rate of the physical condition in the former case turned out to be 2.83, and the psychological condition 2.37. The physical condition of the latter case was 2.76, and the psychological condition 2.46. The rate of the burden in the former case was 3.14, and that of the latter case was 3.04. The rate of quality of life in the former case proved to be 2.46, and that of the latter case 2.55. 3. The rate of correlation between the burden and the quality of life appeared to be the high counter-correlation (r= -.573). The rate of correlation between the psychological health and the burden of a simialr (r= -.565). The rate of correlation between the physical health and the psychological health proved to be a moderate correlation (r= .372), The rate of correlation between physical health and the burden turned out to be a low counter-correlation (r= -.276). According to this study, there proved to be a very close correlation among the stroke patient family's health, the burden and quality of life. Thus, it would be necessary to find out various nursing interventions in order to mitigate the stroke patient family's burden in the process of caring for the patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9385-9390
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• 2014

Introduction: Human adiponectin (ApN) is a 30 kDa glycoprotein of 244-amino acids which is extensively produced by adipocytes. ApN acts via two receptors, namely adiponectin receptor-1 (Adipo-R1) and adiponectin receptor-2 (Adipo-R2). Studies have shown the presence of Adipo-R1 and Adipo-R2 expression immunohistochemically in human colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, only a few studies exist which investigated effects of adiponectin receptor expression on CRC characteristics. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to explore Adipo-R1/-R2 expression in human colorectal cancers and any association with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 58 colorectal cancer patients with tumor resection and a control group of 30 subjects with normal colon mucosa. Results: Positivity for Adipo-R1/-R2 expression was significantly more common in the control group in comparison to the patient group (both p<0.001). There was no significant association between Adipo-R1/-R2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics including age, sex tumor location, pTNM stage, Duke's stage, metastasis, histological differentiation, perineural invasion, venous invasion sex, lymphatic invasion, cancer-related mortality, tumor size and recurrence. Adipo- R1/-R2 positivity was also not significantly linked to progression-free or overall survival [p values (0.871, 0.758) and (0.274, 0.232), respectively]. Conclusions: Although significantly reduced Adipo-R1/-R2 expression was found in colorectal cancer patients, it had no influence on survival.