• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.711-724
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• 2003

Some growth curve models were used to fit individual growth of 1,083 Hanwoo cows born from 1970 to 2001 in Daekwanryeong branch, National Livestock Research Institute(NLRI). The effects of year-season of birth and age of dam were analyzed. In analysis of variance for growth curve parameters, the effects of birth year-season were significant for mature weight(A), growth ratio(b) and maturing rate(k)(P〈.01). The effects of age of dam were significant for growth ratio(b) but not significant for mature weight(A) and maturing rate(k). The linear term of the covariate of age at the final weights was significant for the A(P〈.01) and k(P〈.01) of Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model and Logistic model. For the growth curve parameters fitted on individual data using Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model and Logistic model, resulting the linear contrasts(fall-spring), Least square means of A in three nonlinear models were higher cows born at fall and A of Logistic model was significant(P〈.05) between the seasons. According to the results of the least square means of growth curve parameters by age of dam, least square means of mature weight(A) in Gompertz model was largest in 6 year and smallest estimating for 3 and 8 years of age of dam. The growth ratio(b) was largest in 2 year of age of dam and smallest estimating in 8 year. The A and k were not different by age of dam(p〉.05), On the other hand, the b was different by age of dam(p〈.01). The estimate of A in von Bertalanffy model was largest in 6 year and smallest in 8 and 9 years of age of dam. The b was largest in 2 year and tend to decline as age of dam increased. The A and k were not different by age of dam(p〉.05), On the other hand, the b was highly significant by age of dam(p〈.01).

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the policy implication and a usage model for aging workforces of research and development field in the era of working age population decline and the introduction of the retirement age legislation. In spite the importance of the use for aging workforces of R&D, previous studies have not been taken in terms of R&D workforces. In addition, the activated policies and services was implemented for the aged and retired people. Therefore, we suggested the usage model in four folds: 1) internal employment model, which is to hire and employ pre-retired active workforces by their retirement age, 2) internal and external linkage model, which is to make them to depart from their previous workplaces and move them to new workplaces where they can apply their knowledge and skills, 3) extending retirement age model, which is to expand their age limit and provide their job opportunities after they left their work, and 4) ouplacement model, which is to provide them with employment information and service as well as operate the educational programs before they leave the workpalce. Finally, we suggested the update of legislation and law for old workers, government supports for retiring workforces, and the conversation and compromise between R&D workforces and managers of workplaces.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.131-150
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• 1996

1. Result As the study for standardization of EAV's measurement values according to constitution and sex and age, the questionnaire on QSCC and QSCC(I) and EAV were carried out to 603 general patients in east : west promotion health center affiliated to Kyung Hee Medical center. The following conclusions were reached as the result of statistical handling of the data of questionnaire and EAV. 1) Each standard scope of BAZ and CMP was suggested. 2) BAZ and CMP examined about constitution did not show any statistical difference. 3) The result of examination by sex on BAZ and CMP is such as followings. A meaningful difference was showed at the level of p<0.001 in HH, HEL, HFR, and FF in case of male on BAZ. meaningful difference were showed at the level of p<0.001 in R3, R4, R18, L3, L16 and L18 and at the level of P<0.01 In R5, R8, R12, L7, L9, L10, L11, and L13 and at the level of P<0.05 in R1, R2, R6, R11, R13, R14, R16, R17, R19, R20, L1, L2, L4, L5, L14, L17, and L19 in case of male on CMP. There was no statistical difference in R7, R9, R10, R15, L12, and L15. 4) In every measure point of both BAZ and CMP a meaningful difference was notified at the level of P<0.01 by age. 2. Suggestion 1)Environmental, examinee and examiner's factors which may cause error in EAV measurement should be excluded. 2)The factor of change by time and space should be clarified. 3)The correlation between disease and meridian should be learned. And scopes of BAZ and CMP according to disease should be studied.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

The aim at this paper is to provide how to adopt statistical technique like Lisrel, one at the software programs, to secondary data tram Lee Yong-Ju(1998). We develop three research questions and analyze the data at women in their twenties to their fifties simultaneously rather than each age group so that we compare the results at each age group within one model in this study. At each age group the relationships between the satisfaction at the weight and women's lower body parts regarding waist girth, hip girth and thigh girth are investigated. The results reveal that women are satisfied with different lower body parts according to the satisfaction of their weight in terms of their age range and imply the satisfaction of their lower body parts by analyzing the satisfaction of their weight does not correspond with increases in their age.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.103.2-103.2
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• 2011

We measure the degree of polarization of the lunar regolith to map the distributions of the age and the particle size. We use a 12cm refracting telescope with a 2k-square pixel color CCD (R band) and a polarization filter. The angular resolution obtained is 3.02 km/pixel. Our goal is to obtain a map of the lunar particle size distribution on the lunar regolith and then that of the age distribution. Polarization of the light scattered by lunar surface contains information on their mean particle size. The mean particle size of the lunar surface has been decreased by continued micro-meteoroid impact over a long period. One can estimate the age of the lunar surface if the mean particle size is known. Particle sizes can be measured through observations of polarization because the mean particle size is related to the maximum polarization and albedo. The age and the particle size of the lunar regolith can give vital information for the future lunar exploration.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.467-482
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• 1996

This study was carried out to measure the degree of organizational commitment, job involvement, and role stress of clinical nurses, and to identify the relationships among personal characteristics, role stress, organizational commitment and job involvement in clinical nurses. The subjects were consisted of 412 nurses who were working at three General Hospitals in Chonbuk. The data were collected by self-reporting questionnaire from Sept. 20 to Sept. 31, 1995. The instruments used in this study were Organizational Commitment Scale developed by Mowday et al. and Job Involvement Scale developed by Kanungo. The role stress was measured by the scale developed by Rizzo( : role conflict, role ambiguity) and Beehr( : role overload). T-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test and pearson's correlation coefficient were used for data ana1isis. Major findings were as follows : 1. Mean scores for organizational commitment were 3.008, job involvement 3.074, and role stress 2. 815( :role conflict 2.802, role ambiguity 2.253, role overload 3.294) on a 5 point scale. 2. All of personal characteristics were significantly related to the level of organizational commitment : age（r＝.481, p＝.000）, clinical experience（r＝ .479, p＝.000）, educational level（t＝4.11, p＝ .000）, position（F＝30.867, p＝.000）, marital status（t＝-5.63, p＝.000） and hospital agency （F＝21.374, p＝.000）. 3. All of personal characteristics were significantly related to the level of job involvement : age（r＝ .381, p＝.000）, clinical experience（r＝.393, p＝ .000）, educational level（t＝3.72, p＝.000）, position（F=18.004, p＝.000）, marital status（t＝-4. 91, p＝.000） and hospital agency（F=39.441, p＝ .000）. 4. There was a negative relationship between role stress and organizational commitment（r＝-.519, p＝.000）. 5. There was a negative relationship between role stress and job involvement（r＝-.256, p＝.000）. 6. There was a positive relationship between organizational commitment and job involvement （r＝.591, p＝.000）.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

Objective: This retrospective, cross-sectional study aimed to establish reference data for normal crown and root lengths and the root-crown ratios (R/C ratios) for the mature maxillary and mandibular incisors in a Korean population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: We included 672 Korean patients (141 men and 531 women; mean age, $27.2{\pm}7.7years$) who underwent CBCT examinations during various dental treatments. Crown and root lengths and the R/C ratios of the maxillary and mandibular incisors were measured using CBCT data, which were analyzed to detect significant differences between demographic factors as well as sagittal and vertical skeletal or occlusal relationships. Results: Teeth of the same type in each half-arch were symmetrical. The mean R/C ratios varied from 1.1 to 1.2 for the maxillary incisors and from 1.3 to 1.4 for the mandibular incisors. Crown and root lengths were greater in men than in women, regardless of tooth type. Root lengths and R/C ratios for the mandibular incisors were significantly greater in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion or an excessive overjet than in the other patients. The R/C ratios for the mandibular incisors were lower in patients with an open bite than in those with a normal or deep bite. Moreover, the R/C ratios for the mandibular incisors increased with age. Conclusions: The data obtained in our study can serve as reference values for crown and root lengths and the R/C ratios for the maxillary and mandibular incisors in the Korean population.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2000

This study was designed and undertaken to identify the related factors of family caregivers' depression & quality of life with stroke elderly patient. The data was collected from August 16th to September 5th. 1999. The subjects in this study were 70 caregivers and 70 patients with stroke who were hospitalized in 2 oriental medicine hospitals and 3 hospitals located in Junla-buk do. The data was analized using percentage. means. t-test. ANOVA and pearson's correlation coefficients, step-wise multiple regression done with the SAS program. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The score for family caregivers' depression was 45.2 when total score was 80. The family caregivers who got more than 50 scores belongs to highly depression group amount to $29\%$. 2. The score for family caregivers' quality of life was 37.04 when total score was 56. 3. In the significant relationship between family caregivers' depression and general characteristics of the family caregivers ; age. sex, income. In the significant relationship between family caregivers' quality of life and general characteristics of family caregivers: age, education, income. In the significant relationship between family caregivers' depression and quality of life and general characteristics of stroke elderly patient ; sex. 4. The depression degree showed significant differences in the variables of family caregiver's physical health(r=-0.307, p=0.011), stress(r=0.463. p=0.011). social support (r=-0.241. p=0.046) and elderly stroke patient's ADL(r=-0.313, p=0.009). The quality of life degree showed significant differences in the variables of family caregivers' depression(r=-0.564, p=0.001), stress(r=-0.322, p=0.008), social support (r=0.353. p=0.003). 5. The most important variable affecting family caregiver's depression was caregivers' physical symptom which accounted for $32.0\%$ of the total variance in which multiple regression analysis. Total variance affecting the family caregivers' depression was $49\%$. The most important variable affecting family caregivers' quality of life was caregivers' depression which accounted for $48\%$ of the total variance in which multiple regression analysis. Total variance affecting the family caregivers' quality of life was $61\%$.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 2011

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. Since it is closely related to sleep parameter and body indices, the study was focused on the relationship with them. The results of polysomnography (PSG) in obstructive sleep apnea was done at ENT department of Ewha women university Mokdong hospital from March to September 2010 with 52 subjects (male 35, female 17). The leads were placed to measure electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), mandibular and anterior tibialis electromyogram (EMG), airflow in nasal and oral cavity, chest and abdominal breathing pattern, snoring sound and arterial oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$) level. From sleep parameter and body indices of adult obstructive sleep apnea compared to normal adult revealed that age (p<0.01) and snoring sound (p<0.05) were increased, stage 1 sleep (p<0.01) was increased, the deeper stages (3&4) of sleep (p<0.05) were reduced. Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (p<0.01), mean $SpO_2$ (p<0.05) and lowest $SpO_2$ (p<0.01) were also decreased. The correlation analysis from sleep parameter and body indices of OSA showed the positive correlation with age (r=0.463, p<0.001), snoring sound (r=0.278, p<0.05), stage 1 sleep (r=0.391, p<0.01) and RDI (r=0.409, p<0.01), but showed the negative correlation with the deeper stages (3&4) of sleep (r=-0.307, p<0.05), mean $SpO_2$=(r=-0.274, p<0.05) and lowest $SpO_2$ (r=-0.392, p<0.01). This study proves that obstructive sleep apnea and indices have closed related.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.550-558
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• 2002

This study was designed to examine the factors that influence the burnout of nurses practice healthcare in a hospital setting. Subjects for this study were 245 nurses working at University K hospital in Seoul, Korea. Data for this study was collected from 15 to 27 April, 2002. The data collection instruments used for this study are as follows: Maslach Burnout Inventory(1981), Orientation to Life Questionnaire(Sense of Coherence, SOC) by Antonovsky (1987) and Modified Coping Resources Inventory developed by author. The analysis of the data was completed using the descriptive, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression using the SAS program software. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Total mean score of burnout was 4.0. Mean scores of the subscales were; emotional exhausion 4.7, personalization 3.7, and personal accomplishment 3.4.2. Significant statistical differences according to demographic characteristics of the subjects were found in the variables of age, job position, years of working, perceived job stress, and burnout. 3. Burnout was negatively related to sense of coherence(r=-.65) and coping resources (r=-.40); subscales of SOC of comprehensibility(r=-.57), manageability (r= -.55), and meaningfulness(r= -.52); subscales of coping of self-care(r=-.36), and cognitive coping(r=-.39). 4. Job stress was the highest factor influence burnout. Sixty-one percent of the total variance of burnout was experienced by variables of comprehensibility, meaningfulness, age, self-care, manageability and leisure activities including job stress. In conclusion, it was found that a low level of burnout was related to high scores of SOC and coping resources. Job stress, manageability, and meaningfulness were the highest factors influencing the level of subscale of emotional exhausion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Therefore, it is necessary to search for strategies to promote SOC and coping resources for reducing the level of burnout of nurses.