• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.903-913
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• 2021

Three-type PVC membranes denoted by AEM-1, AEM-2, and AEM-3 with a cross-linked anion-exchange group were prepared by substitution reaction of PVC with triethyldiamine (TEDA), 1,4-dimethylpiperazine (DMP), and 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (BIB) in cyclohexanone, respectively. We confirmed the successful preparation of the AEM-1, AEM-2, and AEM-3 via ionic conductivity (S/cm), water uptake (%), contact angle, ion-exchange capacity (m_eq/g), thermal properties, SEM and XPS analysis, respectively. The electrochemical capacitor experiments using PVC membrane with cross-linked anion-exchange group in organic electrolytes were performed. The prepared AEM-1, AEM-2 AEM-3 have a good stability by charge and discharge performance in organic electrolyte. As a result, the AEM-2 and AEM-3 membrane based on PVC prepared by the solvent casting method after substituent reaction is suitable for the use as a separator in organic electrochemical capacitor (supercapacitor).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2008

Two t-amines, N,N-dimethylaniline (MA), N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (MPT), were investigated as new visible light amine initiators for a dental resin composite of UDMA in order to improve photopolymerization effect. Three t-amines mixed with three photosensitizers, camphorquinone(CQ), 1-phenyl-1,2-propane dione(PD) and diacetyl (DA), respectively. And then this mixtures are added to resin monomer, UDMA. Photopolymerization efficiency of UDMA was studied through the use of FT-IR absorption spectroscopy. The photopolymerization effect of amine initiators were compared with that of 4-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (AEM), the most widely used photoinitiator. The photopolymerization efficiency of UDMA containing the amine initiator increased with irradiation time. The relative polymerization efficiency containing the CQ photosensitizer increase was in the order: AEM < MPT < MA. And the relative polymerization efficiency containing the PD photosensitizer increase was in the order: MPT < AEM < MA. This result shows that MA is most efficient amine initiator with CQ and PD.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1180-1183
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• 2011

In this paper, we present a design of AEM radome with frequency selective surface using unit-cell EM simulation method and verified the performance of AEM radome by the radiation pattern measurements of $16{\times}16$ array-antenna. Measured results under near-field condition showed a good agreement with the simulation and far-field measured ones. And there were no radiation pattern variation between antenna only and antenna with AEM radome. From these results, we verified that AEM radome with frequency selective surface can be a solution to reduce the RCS of conventional mast and radar.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 2019

This study investigates whether and how a firm's cost of equity capital is influenced by the extent of a firm's real earnings management (REM). Using a large sample of Hong Kong and Chinese firms over the 9-year period 2009-2017, we find that our implied cost of equity estimates are positively associated with both the extent of REM and the extent of accrual-based earnings management (AEM), but the positive association is stronger for REM than for AEM. We also provide evidence suggesting that the effect of AEM and REM on the cost of equity is more pronounced for Hong Kong firms than Chinese firms, and within Chinese firms, it is less pronounced for the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Collectively, our results suggest that while both REM and AEM exacerbate the quality of earnings used by outside investors, REM does so to a greater extent than AEM, and thus the market demands a higher risk premium for REM activities than for AEM activities and that this cost of capital-increase effect is more prominent in a developed market like Hong Kong and mitigated by state ownership in China because of investors' expectations for a lower level of detriments to firm fundamentals by REM due to government's protection in a less developed market like China.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2023

This research aimed to conduct an empirical assessment of the penetration of chloride and sulfate ions into mortar sections using an anion exchange membrane(AEM) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS). The study involved a simultaneous ion chromatography(IC) analysis and LIBS analysis performed on mortars immersed in varying concentrations of chloride and sulfate. The findings revealed that at the wavelengths specific to Chloride(837.59nm) and Sulfur(921.30nm), the LIBS intensity achieved using AEM surpassed that obtained with a paper substrate at equivalent penetration concentrations. A robust correlation was confirmed between LIBS intensity and chloride ion concentration. Furthermore, when juxtaposed with IC analysis concentration outcomes at identical depths, the AEM displayed a higher intensity. The research noted an enhancement in LIBS intensity and a diminution in errors within the low-concentration section when deploying AEM. However, for the Sulfur wavelength of 921.3nm, there remains a need to augment the sensitivity of the LIBS signal within the low-concentration section in future studies. The findings underscore the potential of employing AEM and LIBS for precise analysis of chloride and sulfate ion penetration into mortar sections. This strategy can aid in bolstering assessment precision and mitigating errors, particularly in regions with low concentrations. It is recommended to further research and develop methods to amplify the sensitivity of the LIBS signal for sulfur detection in low-concentration sections. In sum, the study accentuates the significance of employing advanced techniques like AEM and LIBS for efficacious and precise analysis in the domain of mortar section assessment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) on trunk stabilization, as well as trunk muscle activities and differences in quadruple visual analogue scale, Korean Oswestry Disability Index, and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire scores, in patients with chronic low back pain and lumbar spine instability. To increase intra-abdominal pressure during the trunk stabilization exercise, the technique of pushing the abdomen out using diaphragmatic abdominal breathing suggested by Pavel Koral was used, which we termed the AEM. Fifty patients who tested positive on more than three of the five lumbar spine instability tests were separated from 138 patients with chronic low back pain of these patients, 16 were placed in the control group (trunk stabilization exercise), 17 were placed in the ADIM group (trunk stabilization exercise with ADIM), and 17 were placed in the AEM group (trunk stabilization exercise with AEM). Each group participated in the study for 30 minutes three times weekly for 4 weeks. Surface electromyography was used to measure the trunk muscle activities during the kneeling forward and supine bridging positions, and one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the trunk muscle activities in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique (IO), erector spinae, and multifidus (MF) muscles. The ADIM and AEM groups showed relatively larger improvements in psychosocial and functional disability level than control group. There were significant changes among the three groups, those from the measured values of the AEM group was significantly higher than the other two groups in changes in IO and MF trunk muscle activities (p<.05). This finding demonstrates that trunk stabilization exercises with AEM is more effective than ADIM for increasing trunk deep muscle activity of chronic low back pain patients with lumbar spine instability.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose was to determine whether the application of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) to stroke patients would affects their trunk stability, balance, pulmonary function, and grip strength. Methods: The subjects were 36 stroke patients who were randomly and equally assigned to an ADIM group (n=12), an AEM group (n=12), and a control group (n=12). The intervention was applied to each group three times per week, 30 minutes each time, for four weeks. Outcome measures were grip strength, modified functional reach test (mFRT) and pulmonary function. Pulmonary function were measured force expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values. Results: The results of the three groups showed statistically significant improvements in grip strength. The AEM group showed significantly greater differences in grip strength than either the ADIM group or the control group. In the anterior mFRT, the ADIM group showed significantly improvements than the control group. The ADIM and AEM groups were showed statistically significant greater improvements in PEF between the baseline and post-intervention and the post-analysis revealed that the AEM group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the ADIM and AEM were effective in improving the PEF of pulmonary function. The ADIM was more effective than AEM in trunk stabilization.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Objective: The effect of abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) and abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) on postural control in an unsupported position in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 36 persons with hemiplegic stroke participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an AEM experimental group (n=12), an experimental ADIM group (n=12), and a control group (n=12). We collected the general characteristics of all subjects and the pre-test results before the intervention and after 4 weeks of the intervention. The trunk stabilization training of the ADIM and AEM group were performed 15 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks, and general physical therapy was performed 2 times a day, 30 minutes per session, 5 times a week for all three groups. The control group received joint mobilizations, muscle strengthening, endurance strengthening, and gait exercises along with treatment of the central nervous system, such as neuro-developmental treatment, mat, and gait training. The AEM is an inspiratory phase of tidal breathing expanding the lateral lower ribcage in a lateral direction with minimal superior movements of the chest. Then the lower abdomen expands and the navel moves in an anterior-caudal direction. The ADIM is a repeated contraction and relaxation of the anal sphincter during inspiration. The navel pulls the lower abdomen to the direction of the spine without the movement of the trunk and pelvis. Results: Before and after the interventions, medial-lateral axis movement distance, anterior-posterior axis movement distance, sway mean velocity, and sway area 95% was a statistically significant change in all three groups (p<0.05). The post-hoc test showed a significant improvement in medial-lateral axis movement distance, anterior-posterior axis movement distance, sway mean velocity, and sway area in the AEM group compared with the control group, and in the ADIM group compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, both AEM training and ADIM training are necessary interventions to maintain the independent sitting position according to the characteristics of the patient.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2009

In order to analyze collapse behavior of structure containing irregular and large displacement, many numerical analyses have been conducted. In this study, using a new method, Applied Element Method (AEM) for collapse analysis of structures, collapse behavior of model RC structures Is simulated. From these simulations results, displacement of X-direction (or horizontal) and displacement of Y-direction (or vertical) is similar to that of mode) RC structures. It is confirmed that collapse behavior of structures using AEN is reliable accurately simulated with that of model RC structures.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.103-115
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• 2019

Purpose - We attempted to verify the level of ethics of firms achieving sustainable management from the aspect of reliability of accounting information. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of sustainable management on accruals-based earning management (AEM) and real earning management (REM). Research design, data, and methodology - We employed the issuance of sustainability reports in addition to the indices of social responsibility and environmental-management evaluation of the Korea Corporate Governance Service in order to measure sustainability management. AEM was measured using discretionary accruals and calculated using the operant Jones model. Specifically, REM was measured using the methodology suggested by prior studies. The sample of our study consisted of 1,418 years of public listed firms in the Korea Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2017. Results - First, the level of AEM in firms achieving sustainable management was lower than the other. Second, the level of REM in these firms was lower than the other. Nonetheless, another analysis showed that the level of governance control affects the level of earning management and that the levels of AEM and REM were generally lower in firms achieving sustainable management than the others. Conclusions - We expected that firms achieving external ethics tend to have a higher level of internal ethics than others.