• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.251-258
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• 2016

This study was to identify the relationships between activities of daily living(ADL) and stress by health characteristics in elderly living alone. A total of 260 subjects were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected with a self-reported questionnaire from October 20 to November 20, 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Differences in ADL and stress according to health characteristics were as follows. ADL were significantly different according to problem of dietary habits. drinking, unsuitable health care, management groups. Stress were significantly different according to stress and availability and drug abuse. There was a negative correlation between ADL and stress. The findings of this study may be useful in understanding the health status of elderly living alone and developing more specific programs about ADL and stress control. Getting older, with the change in weight and chronic diseases, as the elderly living alone are indisposed with ADL, the applicatiom of physical activity programs and a stress management strategy is required.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.371-380
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the caregiving stress and depression of spouses who support adults with physical disabilities, calculate the activity of daily living (ADL) of the disabled and determine the correlation of each area and the influence of their ADL on the caregiving stress and depression of spouses. This study was performed on 86 spouses of the disabled who were receiving rehabilitation treatment in two hospitals located in S and K cities from July to August 2016. According to the results, the total caregiving stress scores were $71.43{\pm}17.78$ and the economic and psychological stresses among low items were higher than the other items. The total depression score was $50.34{\pm}26.41$, which was slightly higher than the average of normal adults. The caregiving stress and depression were high for aged women, for cases of high caregiving expense and time, for young disabled and for stroke disease. Factors that affected the caregiving stress were the age of the disabled and the duration of their disability; their ADL had no influence on the caregiving stress. The result showed that the depression affected their age, disabled type and grade, and ADL. Actual policy support capable of giving economic, physical, and psychological assistance should be prepared to reduce caregiving stress and depression.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2003

Soil salinity is one of the most serious abiotic stresses limiting the productivity of agricultural crops. To cope with salt stress, plants respond with physiological, developmental and biochemical changes, including the synthesis of a number of proteins and the induction of gene expression. Salicornia herbacea is a halophytic plant that grows in salt marshes and on muddy seashores. In order to understand the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in S. herbacea, we isolated several genes that involved in the salt tolerance by mRNA differential display. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase, named ShADL, which is 1293 bp long and contains an open reading frame consisted of 359 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 39 kDa. ShADL protein showed 86％ identity with Arabidopsis and 78％ with aldolase of common ice plant. Northern blot analysis revealed that the transcript of ShADL gene was increased dramatically depending on the NaCl concentrations.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2007

장수풍뎅이 유충(Allomyrina dichotoma larva, ADL)은 중국의 전통 약재로서, 특히 항산화 효과가 우수하여 항당료 제재로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 ADL의 추출물을 이용하여 헴스터 췌장의 ${\beta}$-세포(HIT-T15)에서 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 산화적 손상에 대한 보호효과 및 그 작용기전을 조사하였다. ADL추출물은 처리농도 의존적으로 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 지질과산화 및 세포 내 자유산 소종의 양을 억제함으로서 ${\beta}$-세포의 산화적 스트레스에 의한 손상을 보호하였다. 또한 DNA laddering 방법을 사용하여 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상을 조사한 결과, ADL추출물 처리농도에 비례하여 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상이 감소하였다. 이러한 산화적 손상의 억제능 관련 작용 기전을 조사하기 위해 DPPH free radical 소거능을 실시하였다. 그 결과 ADL추출물 자체가 DPPH 자유 레디컬 소거능이 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 플라스미드를 이용한 Single-strand break 방법을 통한 DNA 손상 보호능을 측정한 결과도 $Fe^{3+}$ 및 $H_2O_2$에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상이 ADL추출물 처리농도에 비례하여 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때, 장수풍뎅이 유충의 추출물들이 자체의 레디컬 소거능 및 산화적 손상에 의한 DNA손상을 억제함으로써, Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 산화적 손상을 억제할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.661-670
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediation of psychological distress in the relationship between disturbance in ADL from chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy and quality of life in order to provide a basis for planning nursing interventions to improve the quality of life in cancer patients. Methods: A purposive sample of 130 patients treated with chemotherapy were recruited in the cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires. The instruments were the Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool (CIPNAT), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Results: The mean score for disturbance in ADL from chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy was 3.30. Overall quality of life was 2.48. The mean score was 1.04 for psychological distress. The prevalence was 35.4% for anxiety and 47.7% for depression. There were significant correlations among the three variables, disturbance in ADL from chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, psychosocial distress, and quality of life. Psychosocial distress had a complete mediating effect (${\beta}$= -.74, p <.001) in the relationship between disturbance in ADL from chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy and quality of life (Sobel test: Z= -6.11, p <.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, nursing intervention programs focusing on disturbance of ADL management, and decrease of psychological distress are highly recommended to improve quality of life in cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4184-4190
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• 2014

The present paper examined the stress and ADL (activities of daily living) index in relation to the characteristics of the elderly in nursing homes. For this study, questionnaires were given to 110 seniors in the N-district of Seoul, and S-myeon, Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon Province from May 1 to September 30, 2013. For data analysis, t-test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSSWIN18.0 program. The analysis of actual proof was made at a significance level of 5 percent. The findings from the analyses were as follows: first, the relocation syndrome into nursing homes has a positive correlation with the stress of deficient family visits in the category of daily stresses; second, depression has a positive correlation with the stresses of deficient private time and space and deficient family visits in the category of daily stresses; third, weight control has a positive correlation only with the stress of deficient private time and space in the category of daily stresses, whereas a nutrition deficiency has positive correlation with the stress of deficient family visits in the category of daily stresses. These findings may serve as ground source data for establishing policies regarding the stresses in relation to the characteristics and ADL index of the elderly in nursing homes.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.312-324
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• 2015

Purpose: This study addressed the relationship among nutritional risk, stress, and health related quality of life for older women with a foreign daughter-in-law. Methods: A descriptive research design was used for this study. The subjects of this study were 112 older women with a foreign daughter-in-law all of whom were over 65 years and living in D city. Personal interview was used for data collection. Nutritional risk, stress, and health related quality of life were measured using Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI), Family Inventor of Life Events and Changes (FILE), and Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Short-form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Results: Older women with a foreign daughter-in-law showed negative correlation between quality of life related health and nutritional risk, stress and age, and positive correlation between Activities of Daily Living (ADL); 46% of variance in health related quality of life of older women with a foreign daughter-in-law was explained by nutritional risk, ADL, stress and occupation. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we suggested that specialized programs should be established to help in development of social relationship networks for older women who have a foreign daughter-in-law.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was to examine those life style factors which could affect the changes of health status indices such as ADL and IADL of the Elderly living in rural community. Methods: The subjects of the study were 1,295 elderly people of age over 65 years living in Gyungbook Sung-Ju area selected by random sampling for one month at October 1996. After 4 years, the follow-up study in those subjects were performed, ADL, IADL and general characteristics were measured. Those subjects who had shown high functional health status in first investigation were measured as how their health were changed in relation with their general characteristics and life styles in second investigation. Results: The factor analysis were performed in life style questions, and 6 factors composed of 15 questions of all were selected as the indices of life style. For ADL level, logistic regression analysis, age and educational level in men, and age and economic status in women had significant relation with health status change. Among life style factors, diet factor in men and diet factor, social activity factor in women were found to be significantly related. For IADL level, simple analysis showed that age in men and age, education level in women among general characteristics had related with health status change. Among life style factors, diet factor, stress relieving factor were related in women when general characteristics were also controlled diet factor, stress relieving factor were related in women. Conclusions: In order to prevent functional health status altering in the elderly, it is recommended that the intervention which could promote healthy life styles such as good diet habit, active social participation, and pertinent stress relieving should be considered.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.831-848
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyse the family caregivers' stress pathways by types of long term care services for the elderly, and then to discuss the findings of analysis. For this research, primary caregivers that provide care the elderly requiring long term care services sanctioned by National Health Insurance Corporation were drawn and surveyed. Among collected data, data for 258 primary caregivers by type of long term care services were used for this study. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, on average, the elders that utilize care service in institutions for the elderly were higher proportion of women, older, higher rate of bereavement, more children than the elders that utilize in-home care service, but some cases were vice-versa. Second, the elders that utilize care service in institutions more ADL dependency, higher proportion of severe dementia or severe stroke, higher care rank by National Health Insurance Corporation than the elders that utilize in-home care service on average. Third, primary caregivers with elders that utilize in-home care service were higher proportion of women, older, lower education level, higher rate of spouse and daughter-in-law in relationship with care recipient, less health, lower income than primary caregivers with elders that utilize care service in institutions. Fourth, subjective indicators representing caregivers' reactions to caregiving for the elderly significantly impact on caregivers' stress(ie, depression), and pathway of caregivers' stress are differentiated by type of long term care services. Fifth, stressors that have direct impacts on depression as caregiving family are differentiated by type of long term care services. Therefore, policies or programs to reduce negative mental health or stress of caregivig families should be designed differently by reflecting pathway of various stressors and stress by use types of long term care services for the elderly.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 1997

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation education on the reduction of the stress of family members who have patients suffering from stroke and to find a new way to nurse the patients and their family. Subjects & Methods: The subjects were sixty-one family members with the patients who had been hospotalized in K hospital of oriental medicine from september the 9th, 1996 to september the fourteen, 1996. This study was performed by simulated control group pretest-posttest design; pretest was done on the control group through a questionnaire, counselling and observation while posttest was done on the experimental group 1-2 days after systemic rehabilitation education. To teach the patients and their family, the amended version of a book written by Lee Hae-jin was used as a tool for systemic rehabilitation education. As a method to estimate ADL score, modified Kang's method was applied and ADL score was measured by well-trained technician. As for the tool to estimate the degree of family stress, Choi's method adjusted to this study was applied. In the analysis of the data, social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed in $X^2$ examination to confirm the consistency between the experimental group and the control group. The diffrence in the degree of the stress, which is a dependent factor, was examined by t-test. The difference in ADL score between the experimental group and the control group was examined by t-test. The difference in the degree of the stress according to the general feature of the family with stroke patient, social property of the patients and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed by F examination. The difference in family stress according to the degree of ADL was surveyed by F examination. RESULTS: 1. After hypothetically-examined systemic rehabilitation education, the total of the score of family stress surveyed in 34 items of three domains was compared between the experimental group and the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups; mean score of experimental group=2.28, that of control group=2.93(t=.17, df=59, p=. 66). 2. In the survey on family stress in 34 items, the items over mean score 3.0 were firstly the anxiety of possible disability and relapse of the disease and secondly to watch the patient's suffering without doing anything in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. And the items of the lowest stress with less than mean 2.0 score were little chance to meet the relative and friends, inconsistent treatment and attitude of the medical workers and the change of the attitude of the relative due to the patient orderly in the domain of social and personal relation and the responsibility as the family. The items which showed the difference between two groups were aggravation of neighboring patient(t=3.36, df= 59, p=.001) and the possibility of patient's death(t=2.19, df=58.38, p=.033) in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. 3. In the study on the stress difference according to general features of the family with the stroke patient, the score of family stress with the occupation was higher with mean 2.49 than that of the family stress without occupation with mean 2.16, but there was no significant difference. (F=5.21, df=1/59, p=.026). 4. In the study on the stress difference according to social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease, there was significant difference in the age of the patients (F=2.98, df=3/57, p=.039). These results show that even if there is no statistically significant difference between two groups, sixteen of the experimental group are less than 3.0 in ADL score(standard 6 score)while eight of the control group are less than 3.0 and that ten of the experimental group are in the year range of 39-49 while four of the control group are in the year range of 39-49 which showed significant difference in family stress. These imply that there is a possibility that the experimental group have serious and fundamental stress resulting in high pretest stress compared with the control group. It might be due to the characteristic of simulated control group pretest-posttest design that the psychologic-supportive effect by the education was not observed. On the basis of these results, the followings are suggested. 1) A study on the nursing-mediated method to reduce the stress in the items which are not resolved by rehabilitation education, a study on nursing according to the patient's age and a study on the supportive nursing toward the family with occupation are required. 2) More than two times consecutive nursing-mediated rehabilitation education to measure the family stress is required. 3) Comprehensive and multilateral systemic education program including the instruction on western-eastern medicine, physical therapy, exercise and diet through collaboration of the experts in each field is required. 4) Family stress at home as well as in the hospital needs to be estimated and home rehabilitation and home-nursing needs to be continued.