• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-52
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• 2003

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most comminly treated conditions in the child psychiatric units and results in substantial impairment in peer, family and academoc functioning. For 70% to 80% of children with a diagnosis of ADHD, stimulant tratment results in successful improvement of the core ADHD symptoms. However, children with ADHD have high level of comorbidity and may respond differently from children with ADHD without comorbidity. Therefore they may need specific treatment plan. We reviewed efficacy and safety of prescribed medication for treating children with ADHD, the relationship between ADHD and the comorbid conditions and treatment algorithm projects of ADHD with/without comorbid conditions performed Korean and American child psychiatrists. Our main objective is to increase the uniformity of treatment and improve the clinical outcomes of children with comorbid ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the level of learning disabilities reflected in the written expression and writing performance of at-risk children with ADHD, (2) to investigate the level of differences in writing learning disabilities and writing performance depending on ADHD subtypes, and (3) to explore the error types and contents in the written expression of at-risk children with ADHD. The participants in this study were 46 upper grade elementary school children. They were firstly screened by teacher nomination, and only participants with a K-ARS score of over 17 were then selected to be among the 46 children involved in this study. Two further tests were then carried out : K-LDES as an index of learning disabilities in written expression and BASA-writing as an index of writing performance. The results showed that the at-risk children with ADHD possibly had comorbid writing learning disabilities. They were significantly different in terms of the number of total syllables, errors and correct syllables that they produced, in comparison to normal children. But there were no differences as regards the level of learning disabilities in terms of written expression and writing performance based on ADHD subtypes. As regards the implications of these results for future research, we suggested that there is a need for the identification of comorbid writing learning disabilities in ADHD assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the deficits in executive function in children with ADHD and anxiety disorder, and further, to characterize executive function deficits among the two groups. Methods : Subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 5 and 14 (16 Normal, 24 ADHD, 20 Anxiety Disorder). Neuropsychological tests (KEDI-WISC, CCTT, STROOP, WCST, ROCF) for assessing cognitive and executive function were individually administered to all subjects. Results : There were no significant differences in FSIQ or PIQ among the three groups. However, the ADHD group tended to score lower on the VIQ and subtest of similarity, vocabulary, and digit span tests. The three groups did not significantly differ with respect to CCTT test results. On the STROOP test, the ADHD group showed poor performance on the word, color, and color-word subtests. The three groups did not exhibit significant differences in WCST test results ; however, the anxiety group performed poorly belonging to below 25 percentile rank on perseverative response. On the ROCF test, the ADHD group performed poorly with respect to their organization score and in particular, regarding copy and immediate recall. The anxiety group also performed poorly with regard to organization ; however, this was limited only to immediate recall. Conclusion : Children with ADHD displayed poor inhibition and organizational abilities compared to children with anxiety and normal controls. Further, children with anxiety disorder exhibited low cognitive flexibility and voluntary problem-solving abilities compared to ADHD children and normal controls. Based on these results, we suggest that the characteristics of executive dysfunction in ADHD and anxiety disorder in children are different.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2015

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare the Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC) profile between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children. We also aimed to investigate the association of K-PRC and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Ninety-nine youth (age $8.3{\pm}2.4$ years, 72 boys) with ADHD and 84 controls (age $9.2{\pm}2.5$ years, 43 boys) were recruited from the Department of Pediatric Psychiatry of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were confirmed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The parents of the subjects completed the ADHD rating scale, and K-PRC. Independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, partial correlation analyses, and Mc Nemar test were used for analysis. Results : Children and adolescents with ADHD showed higher K-PRC scores in verbal development, physical development, depression, delinquency, hyperactivity, family dysfunction and psychoticism. Delinquency and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with parent-rated ADHD rating scales and ADHD scores on K-SADS-PL. The hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes showed higher scores on hyperactivity and delinquency than the inattentive subtype, and the inattentive subtype showed higher scores on depression and social dysfunction of the K-PRC. Conclusion : Our results suggest that K-PRC could be used to comprehensively evaluate symptoms, combined psychopathologies, developmental delay and family dysfunction of children with ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.325-355
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• 2012

This study was aimed to seek the essential meaning of the Strengths Model based experience of the mothers of the children with ADHD. To achieve such goal, a phenomenological study was carried out from April 2010 to April 2011 covering about 12 months in the way of 2~3 times of interviewing with 14 mothers of the children with ADHD. As a result, the essence of the experiences of those mothers was interpreted as 'the running of unwanted marathon struggling themselves to complete it'. The joining in the unwanted marathon turned out to have led 'me' the mother of the children with ADHD into miserable pain, but that is the 'energy' for 'my child' to endure the world. The essence of those mothers' experiences were divided into eight processes by timely constitution. They firstly experience 'a serial confusion' by their children's odd behaviour which turns out to be 'a semiconscious feeling by the diagnosis with 'ADHD' but then they make full efforts for their children accepting their 'maternal fate'. In that process, they participate in the unwanted marathon with the feeling of misery and gratitude for the 'sayings of teachers which play the roles of shot and grace'. The process was expressed as 'marathon like pain'. They make a resolve to live positively in the midst of lonely struggle unable to give up toward the finish line for 'my child and myself'. They encourage themselves for their children, but that's not easy process. Nevertheless, they gain enduring energy supported by their child, family and specialists. Those mothers keep running today also for their 'beloved doves enduring the ongoing hardship' from the raising of abnormal child toward the finish line of the marathon they have to run for even though the 'finish line' may turn into' 'starting point' again'. This researcher submits here the maternal experiences above as the task to practice social welfare for the mothers of the children with ADHD and the children themselves.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Korean ADHD patients and the l/s polymorphism of serotonin transporter(5-HTTLPR). Methods : The study sample consisted of 189 Korean ADHD children diagnosed by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version(K-SADS-PL), both parents of ADHD children, and 150 normal children. DNA were extracted from the blood of all samples, and genotyping was done. Based on the allele and genotype information, not only the case-control analysis between ADHD and normal children but also the family-based association test among ADHD children and their parents. Transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) were performed for family-based associated test(number of trio=113). The results of the clinical rating and neuropsychological tests were compared according to the l/s genotype of ADHD children. Results : In case-control analysis, there were no statistically significant difference of l/s gene polymorphism between ADHD and normal children in various kinds of analysis condition. In family-based association study, TDT failed to detect linkage disequilibrium between l/s gene polymorphism and ADHD in whole ADHD families. However, in the families of ADHD inattentive type only(number of trio=23), I allele was transmitted more preferentially in the proband with ADHD even if the number of families was small(${\chi}^2$=4.57, p=.032). In the analysis of the results from the clinical scales and neuropsychological tests in ADHD children, the score of the Novelty- Seeking of ADHD children with l/l genotype was significantly lower than with the other genotypes(F=3.15, p=.047), and that of Self Transcendence was significantly higher(F=4.25, p=.017). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest there were no significant genetic association between the 5- HTTLPR gene polymorphism and Korean ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

Objectives: This study examined clinical characteristics associated with bullying in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods.: Children and their parents were asked to fill out a structured self-report form regarding bullying incidents. To evaluate the characteristics of the children, the results of the ADHD Rating Scale, the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, the ADHD Diagnostic system and the Emotional Recognition Test were used. The agreement of bullying data between each child and their mother and father was measured using Cohen's kappa. The association between victim and perpetrator was analyzed by calculating a contingency coefficient based on chi-square. To compare the characteristics of victimized children and didn't, an independent sample T-test was performed. Results: When children were victims of bullying incidents there was significant agreement between children and parents on the information provided on the self-reports. However, more children reported themselves as a perpetrator of bullying than their parents did. Victimization, that is, the tendency towards being a perpetrator, is associated with the higher level of parental reports of aggressiveness. Conclusion: Victimization of bullying is associated with aggression in children with ADHD. This study suggests that victimized children with ADHD warrant careful evaluation, in particular with regard to the credence placed on parental reports of aggressiveness, and management for aggression.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.335-345
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to understand parent's influencing factors on life satisfaction of child with ADHD through path-analysis. 297 cases of children with ADHD and their caregiver were selected by children and adolescents psychiatric clinic and community mental health center in Korea as the research targets. ADHD symptoms of the children, nurturing stress, self-esteem and depression of the caregiver, and the children's life satisfaction were measured for every case. As a result, it was found that severity of ADHD symptoms lowered the children's life satisfaction through decline in parents' self-esteem, depression and nurturing stress. Based on these results, it is important to control child's ADHD symptoms in order to increase child's life satisfaction, but intensive intervention for caregiver should also be accompanied.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.228-235
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was conducted to compare the object relations and parenting behavior of the mothers of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with that of the mothers with normal children. Methods : In this study, we studied 64 mothers of children who were diagnosed with ADHD and 90 mothers of normal children. The mothers completed the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), the Parenting Behavior Inventory (PBI), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale. Results : As compared with the mothers of normal children, the mothers of children with ADHD showed significantly different results for the parenting stress and parenting efficacy. For parenting behavior, the mothers of children with ADHD perceived their mothering as being more neglectful. On the other hand, the mothers of the normal control group perceived their mothering as being more affectionate and the fathers as being more reasonable and monitoring. Conclusion : This study suggests there is a significant difference of object relation between the mothers of children with ADHD and the mothers with normal children. The object relation pathology of the mothers of children with ADHD might contribute to impaired parenting behavior. The result of the present study indicate that inadequate grandparental rearing behavior affects the insecure object relation of their child (the mother), and a mother's insecure object relation affects their parental stress and parenting efficacy.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1336-1345
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• 2021

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurological disorders in children. The diagnosis of ADHD in children is based on the interviews and observation reports of parents or teachers who have stayed with them. Since this approach cannot avoid long observation time and the bias of observers, another approach based on Electroencephalography(EEG) is emerging. The goal of this study is to develop an assistive tool for diagnosing ADHD by EEG classification. This study explores the frequency bands of EEG and extracts the implied features in them by using the proposed CNN. The CNN architecture has three Convolution-MaxPooling blocks and two fully connected layers. As a result of the experiment, the 30-60 Hz gamma band showed dominant characteristics in identifying EEG, and when other frequency bands were added to the gamma band, the EEG classification performance was improved. They also show that the proposed CNN is effective in detecting ADHD in children.