• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Objective : Gagamchongmyung-tang is clinically one of the most popular prescriptions as an herbal medicine for the treatment of amnesia. In order to evaluate its neuroprotective effects on the ischemia-induced cognitive deficits caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we examined its ability to reduce impairments of learning and memory of rats in the Morris water maze. Method and Result : Focal cerebral ischemia produced a decrease in acetylcholine transmission in the hippocampus, and deficits of learning and memory in the Morris water maze task. Treatment with two types of Gagamchongmyung-tang, methanol and water extracts, produced a substantial increase in acquisition in the Morris water maze. Treatment with methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang increased the performance of the retention test in the Morris water maze. Consistent with behavioral data, immunohistochemical data showed that treatment with methanol extract, but not water extract, of Gagamchongmyung-tang significantly recovered reduction of AchE and ChAT reactivity in the hippocampal CAl area. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang has protective effects against ischemia-induced learning and memory impairments, and provided evidence of methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang as a putative treatment for amnesia, vascular dementia, and longer memory.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.E4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2001

Jet Bubbling Reactors(JBRs) were operated for the removal of SO$_{x}$ in flue gases produced from many electric power plants. However, many JBR flue gas desulfurization (FGD) facility faced a decrease of SO$_{x}$ removal efficiency and an increase of scale problems with continuous operations. We increased alkalinity of the SO$_{2}$ absorbing medium by adding the dibasic acids (DBAs) to solve these problems more effectively. The SO$_{2}$ removal efficiency, the purity of CaCO$_{3}$ and COD of the wastewater was measured to identify the addition effects of DBAs (150, 200, 250, and 400 ppm) for 2hr in a day into the JBR attached to the large-scale power plants (400 MW$\times$3). Addition of the DBAs resulted in the improvement of the SO$_{2}$ removal efficiency from 2 to 5% and the purity of the gypsum from 1 to 2%; these improvement were due to the alkalinity increase of the absorbing medium and the reduction of a proportion of un-reacted CaCO$_{3}$, respectively. Also, the scale problems formed by un-reacted CaCO$_{3}$ inside the reaction zone of the JBR were substantially reduced. Even though the effluent COD of the wastewater slightly increased from 10~15 to 18~36 mg/l and the erosion problems in the injection pump and duct occurred, this method of increasing SO$_{2}$ removal efficiency by adding the DBAs could be considered as a profitable approach.ach.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.125-144
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of the fraction of Korean mountain ginseng folium (FKG) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Methods: The memory ameliorating effect of FKG was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Y-maze test, and the Morris water maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine(1mg/kg, i.p.). Results: FKG (2 or 4mg/kg, p.o.) administration significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice by the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze test(P<0.05), and also improved escape latency in the Morris water maze test at 2 or 4mg/kg(P<0.05). Although FKG has little inhibitory activity for AChE (IC50 value; 1847 ${\mu}g/ml$) in an invitro study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(pERK) was increased by the administration of FKG inhippocampus on immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: These results suggest that FKG may be a useful cognitive impairment treatment, and its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, via activation of ERK pathway.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of pine needle extract (PNE) on membrane fluidirt and neurotransmiter-related enzymes in brain of Spragu-Dawley(SD), male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group), and experimantal diets (PNE group)with 0.5% and 0.1% fo PNE for 6 weeks. pine (pinus tabulaeformis C$_{ARR}$ is one of the popular plant drugs which has used as a medicine in Asia. Cholesterol levels in brain mitochondria of 0.5%-PNE and 0.1%-PNDE groups were significantly decreased in 15% and 25%, respectively, compared with control group, but cholesterol levels in brain microsomes of these PNE groups howed almost no change compared with control group. Lipofuscin accumulations in brain membranes of 0.5%-PNE and 0.1%-PNE groups were sgnificantly inhibited in 18% and 21%, respectively, compared with control group. Brain memberance fluidity was also activated in 50% and 100% by the administration of 0.5%-PNE and 0.1%-PNE. higher acetylcholinesterase(15% and25%) and lower monoamine oxidase B (25% and 15%0 activities were effectively modulated by the administration of 0.5%-PNE and 0.1%-PNDE. These results suggest that more beneficial effects such as inhibition of cholesterol and lipofuscin, increase of membrane fluidity, higher acetylcholinesterase and lower monoamone oxidase activities in brain membranes of SD rats may be effectively modulated by administration of pine needle extract (PNE).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

This study compared the effects of black, white, and red ginseng extracts (WGE, RGE, BGE, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) on learning and memory deficits associated with scopolamine treatment (SCOP, 2 mg/kg, i.p.). Tacrine (THA, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a positive control. Ginseng significantly reversed SCOP-induced memory impairment in the passiveavoidance test and also reduced escape latency in training trials of the Morris water maze test. The increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity produced by SCOP was significantly inhibited by WGE and RGE (p<0.001). SCOP administration had no effect on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, but RGE and BGE significantly increased ChAT activity (p<0.05). SCOP administration increased oxidative damage in the brain. Treatment of amnesic mice with ginseng extracts decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity to control levels. These results suggest that black ginseng enhances cognitive activity by regulation of cholinergic enzymes and antioxidant systems.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.222-229
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• 2012

In order to determine acetylcholine and choline in the biological samples, the specific enzymes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO), which utilize acetylcholine and choline as substrates, were employed to convert substrates to $H_2O_2$. The produced $H_2O_2$ was coupled to 4-aminoantipyrine/phenol with peroxidase (PO) yielding quinoneimine dye which was measured at 508 nm. In the present enzymatic spectrophotometric analysis the product at the equilibrium state was measured considering accuracy, precision, time and cost of the analysis. The developed analytical method yielded good linearity (calibration curve; $A_{508}$=9534[acetylcholine]+0.009, correlation coefficient ($R^2$); 0.999) with detection limit of $1.11{\times}10^{-7}M$, reasonable precision (relative standard deviation; 0.10~1.62% at $2.5{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.25{\times}10^{-4}M$) and accuracy (relative error; -0.24~0.97% at $4.13{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.01{\times}10^{-4}M$) for acetylcholine chloride standard solution. The concentrations of acetylcholine and choline in human serum were found as $3.20{\times}10^{-5}M$ and $1.14{\times}10^{-4}M$, respectively. The brain tissues of Sprague-Dawley strain rat contained 9.82${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 6.53 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebrum, while 7.37 ${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 5.34 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebellum.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2012

This study evaluated ecological health, using various biomarkers and bioindicators, of pale chub (Zacco platypus) as a sentinel species, in Daejeon Stream, South Korea, during AprilMay 2011. The biomarkers and bioindicators were compared among three sites of control: Reference ($C_z$), transition ($T_z$), and the urban zones ($U_z$); and the 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations were more significantly increased in the $U_z$ than in the $C_z$. Also, physiological markers such as condition factor, liver somatic index, visceral somatic index, and gonad somatic index were significantly increased in the $U_z$ than in the $C_z$. For the health assessments, three categorized parameters of blood chemistry, molecular biomarkers, and physiological bioindicators were standardized and calculated as a star-plot, representing values of Integrated Health Response (IHR). Values of IHR had more significant (P<0.05) increases in the $U_z$ than any other zones, indicating an impairment of ecological health by organic matter, nutrients (N, P), and toxic chemicals. This study is based on low levels of biological organization approach of molecular and physiological biomarkers and bioindicators, so further study of high-levels of biological organization approach such as community and population is required for overall range of health assessments. The approach of IHR values, however, may be useful in providing early warning of future impacts on ecological health.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.436-441
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to offer clinical primary data that it's aims to examine effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive function and biochemical change of rat with alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by injecting scopolamine. Methods: Subjects were instructed cognitive dysfunction model, rat of Sprague-Dawley system was injected with scopolamine and each experimental group was classified into three; group I (n=16) is non-treatment groups; group II (n=16) is applied with the tacrine; group III (n=16) is applied with the tDCS. The ziggurat task test was conducted to observe behavioral changes and cognitive function ability and 7, 14, 21, 28 days after the model. Acetylcholine Esterase (Ach E) activity was examined for biochemical assessment of which the results are followed. Results: Participants showed as to behavioral change, tacrine application group was the most significantly responded, following tDCS application group. As to biochemical change, same as above, tacrine application group was the most significantly responded, following tDCS application group. Conclusion: From these results, confirm that tDCS application to rat with alzheimer's disease leads to positive effects on behavioral, cognitive function changes, and biochemical changes, lasting for certain period of time. This study, in particular, tDCS, which can change excitability of brain cells non-invasively, could provide basic data that is useful as a new treatment way for the patients with cognitive dysfunction.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction on memory enhancing in rats Methods : We oral administered Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction to rats then executed passive avoidance test and observed figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 Results : Findings from our experiments have shown that REUD(>1mg/100g/ml) was effective in memorial improvement. and oral administration of REUD(100mg/100g/ml) for 2 weeks was found to induced the figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 in rat hippocampus injured by scopolamine. Conclusions : As the result of this study, Decrease of memory induced by injection of scopolamine into rat was also attenuted by REUD, based on passive avoidance test, and REUD was found to reduce the activity of AChE and induced about the CA1 in rat hippocampus. Base on these findings, REUD may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.375-383
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the cognitive improvement and memory recovery effects of Korean and Chinese Crataegus pinnatifida ethanolic extracts on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. In vivo studies were carried out with mice treated with Korean Crataegus pinnatifida extracts (KCF) and Chinese Crataegus pinnatifida extracts (CCF) in doses of 5 and 50 mg/kg (p.o.) and scopolamine was injected 30 min before the behavioral testing. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition by Ellman's modified method. The chlorogenic acid and hyperoside as marker compounds of KCF and CCF was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis (UPLC). Results showed that KCF was more contained high content of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside than CCF. In addition, KCF was more exerted free radical (DPPH and ABTS) scavenging activity and blocked AChE activity than CCF. In vivo studies also showed that KCF administration has a further improved the memory of scopolamine-treated mice than CCF in Y-maze test, passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. These results revealed that KCF more prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairments through antioxidant and acethylcholinesterase inhibition effect compared CCF.