• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.11
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate the single dose toxicity of modified Bo-yang-Hwan-o-Tang (mBHT) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The mBHT was once administrated orally to both sexes of rats at dose 2,000 mg/kg body weight which are the recommended maximum limit dose for acute toxicity. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, gross and histological changes in target organs for all rats. Results: Neither significant changes of body weight not death was observed during the observation period in mBHT-administrated rats. Neither significant toxic signs not histopathological changes were shown during the observation period. There were not observed significant gross abnormality between the control and mBHT-administrated rats. Conclusions: These results indicated that the toxicity of mBHT is greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in SD rats.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.221.1-221.1
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• 2000

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 2016

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) takes advantage of low ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ ratio of prostate cancer to deliver a large dose in few fractions. We examined clinical outcomes of SBRT using CyberKnife for the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was based on a retrospective analysis of the 33 patients treated with SBRT using CyberKnife for localized prostate cancer (27.3% in low-risk and 72.7% in intermediate-risk). Total dose of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions of 7.25 Gy were administered. The acute and late toxicities were recorded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response was monitored. Results: Thirty-three patients with a median 51 months (range, 6 to 71 months) follow-up were analyzed. There was no biochemical failure. Median PSA nadir was 0.27 ng/mL at median 33 months and PSA bounce occurred in 30.3% (n = 10) of patients at median at median 10.5 months after SBRT. No grade 3 acute toxicity was noted. The 18.2% of the patients had acute grade 2 genitourinary (GU) toxicities and 21.2% had acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. After follow-up of 2 months, most complications had returned to baseline. There was no grade 3 late GU and GI toxicity. Conclusion: Our experience with SBRT using CyberKnife in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer demonstrates favorable efficacy and toxicity. Further studies with more patients and longer follow-up duration are required.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2000

The effects of acute of marine toxicants on early life of coastal olive flounder were investigated. An increasing order of acute toxicity on embryo- and larva-stages of Paralichtys olivaceus was CdCl2$\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 29 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively, and those values at larva-stage were estimated 3.5 ng/L, 16.0 nL/L, 10.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 15.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2001

This studs was carried out to evaluate KBrO$_3$-induced acute toxicity by clinical pathological parameters in rats. Fourty rats were divided into 4 groups including normal group and three KBrO$_3$-treated groups with doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg, p. o., respectively. Creatinine and BUN were increased remarkably by KBrO$_3$ at 400 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.05, p<0.01). Phosphorus content increased two times the control at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). Osmolarity was increased, whereas $CO_2$ content showed decrease at 400 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.01, p<0.05). Histopathological findings also showed dose-dependent renal failure. On the other hand, AST was increased three times the control at 400 mg/kg (p<0.01). WBC was increased by KBrO$_3$ depending on the dosage. Platelet was decreased at 200 mg/kg, whereas it was increased at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). The results above suggest that clinical pathological parameters could be used as indices for the evaluation of KBrO$_3$-induced acute toxic reponse occuring in not only kidney but other organs including liver, when the dosage is as high as 400 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1995

This study was carried out to compare the acute toxicity(96hr) of 13 chemicals to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and israeli carp (Cyprinus israeli carpio L.) and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in israeli carp exposed to five insecticides (diazinon, malathion, carbofuran, cartap, methomyl). $LC_{50}$ values of acute toxicity of the chemicals to israeli carp were endosulfan 0.0061ppm, captafol 0.041ppm, chlorothalonil 0.073ppm, butachlor 0.48ppm, captan 0.14ppm, carbofuran 1.13ppm, cartap 1.15ppm, diazinon 1.35ppm, nitrofen 3.72ppm, methomyl 4.39ppm, propanil 10.61ppm, malathion 11.78ppm and isoprothiolane 12.81ppm. The acute toxicity of endosulfan 0.0061ppm was 2100 times higher than that of isoprothiolane 12.81ppm. $LC_{50}$ values of acute toxicity of the chemicals to carp were endosulfan 0.0026ppm, captafol 0.062ppm, chlorothalonil 0.078ppm, captan 0.14ppm, and butachlor 0.47ppm, carbofuran 0.52ppm, nitrofen 0.58ppm, diazinon 0.81ppm, cartap 0.82ppm, methomyl 5.03ppm, propanil 10.67ppm, malathion 11.92ppm, and isoprothiolane 13.20ppm. The acute toxicity of endosulfan was 5,000 times higher than that of isoprothiolane. The toxicity of diazinon, carbofuran, cartap, endosulfan, and nitrofen to carp was approximately 2-6 times as high as that to israeli carp, but the toxicity of malathion, methomyl and captafol to israeli carp was slightly higher than that to carp. AchE activity was inhibited by 31% and 52% after 96hr’s exposure of israeli carp to diazinon and malathion respectively. GST activity in israeli carp was significantly induced by methomyl exposure for 96 hr.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 1998

DA-3585, a biosynthetic recombinant human erythropoietin has been developed as a treatment for anemia associated with chronic renal failure in Dong-A pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. This study was carried out to assess its acute and subacute toxicities in rabbits. DA-3585 was intravenously administered to rabbits at dose levels of 6250, 12500 or 25000 lU/kg for single dose toxicity study and at dose levels of 100, 500 or 2500 lU/kg/day for 4-week repeated dose toxicity study. In the acute toxicity study, dose up to 25000 lU/kg had no adverse effect on the behavior or body weight gain. Pathological examinations revealed no abnormal gross lesions related to DA-3585. In the subacute toxicity study, all animals survived until termination of treatment. DA-3585 had no influence on clinical signs, food and water intake or on body weight changes. Hematological examination showed increases in the number of RBC, hemoglobin contents and hematocrit values with a dose dependent manner in the animals treated with DA-3585. Histopathological examination revealed erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver. The changes detected in the hematological and histopathological examination presumably represent exaggerated pharmacological effects of erythropoietin. The NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) of DA-3585 was estimated to be 100 lU/kg/ day under this study condition.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute pulmonary toxicity of metallic silver nanoparticles (MSNPs, 20.30 nm in diameter). Acute pulmonary toxicity and body distribution of inhaled MSNPs in mice were evaluated using a nose-only exposure chamber (NOEC) system. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, Western blotting, histopathological changes, and silver burdens in various organs were determined in mice. Mice were exposed to MSNPs for 6 hrs. The mean concentration, total surface area, volume and mass concentrations in the NOEC were maintained at $1.93{\times}10^7$ particles/$cm^3$, $1.09{\times}10^{10}\;nm^2/cm^3$, $2.72{\times}10^{11}\;nm^3/cm^3$, and 2854.62 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Inhalation of MSPNs caused mild pulmonary toxicity with distribution of silver in various organs but the silver burdens decreased rapidly at 24-hrs post-exposure in the lung. Furthermore, inhaled MSNPs induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the lung. In summary, single inhaled MSNPs caused mild pulmonary toxicity, which was associated with activated MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the inhalation toxicity of MSNPs should be carefully considered at the molecular level.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

Acute toxicity test and behavioral change analysis of seawater acclimated Japanese medaka were conducted to identify the brine effects on fish by seawater desalination. 7 day acute toxicity test of brine revealed linear concentration-response relationship from 40.0~80.0 psu treatment groups. There was no significant brine effect for 30-40 psu groups and mass mortality was observed from >50 psu exposure (7-day $LC_{50}$=51.4 psu). Images from the real time camera system were analyzed to observe the changes in behavioral patterns of medaka exposed to various salinity. 40.0 and 50.0 psu exposed groups were stabilized in behavioral patterns after 3.1 and 4.6 hours, respectively and 60.0 psu group showed sharp increase in activity during first 12 hours and 50% mortality thereafter. Similar patterns were observed to 70 and 80 psu groups and both experimental groups showed 100% mortality within 12 hours. Acute toxicity test and behavioral patterns showed very similar toxicity results which revealed the increases in mortality and behavioral activities from 50.0 psu. This critical salinity for fish impacts must be implemented to brine discharge strategy by seawater desalination into the coastal area. Also, we recommend that real time camera monitoring system must be a useful tool for early warning of fish toxicity for other applications. This research was funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2010

In this study, toxicity monitoring of sediments collected from 25 stations in the Geum river basin was conducted using Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. According to the results of acute toxicity tests (immobilization and mortality) of organic extracts of semdiments, Miho stream showed much less toxicity than Gap and Nonsan streams. In particular, significant toxicity was observed in both species for St.15 and St.16 sediment samples that passed through Deajeon city as a branch of Gap stream. For Nonsan stream, St.23 sediment showed high toxicity toward M. macrocopa. This site seemed to be affected by upper agricultural industrial complex. Additionally, M. macrocopa showed a higher sensitivity than D. magna for organic extracts of sediments. In the case of toxicity tests using sediment pore water and aqueous extracts, only pore water of St.27 sediment was toxic against D. magna. Toxicity identification evaluation showed that hydrogen sulfide was likely a major toxicant in the pore water.