• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.207-213
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• 2021

Networks in Mobile ad hoc contain distribution and do not have a predefined structure which practically means that network modes can play the role of being clients or servers. The routing protocols used in mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are characterized by limited bandwidth, mobility, limited power supply, and routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols solve the delay problem of reactive routing protocols and the routing overhead of proactive routing protocols. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to solve other real-life problems such as the travelling salesman problem, capacity planning, and the vehicle routing challenge. Bio-inspired methods have probed lethal in helping to solve the problem domains in these networks. Hybrid routing protocols combine the distance vector routing protocol (DVRP) and the link-state routing protocol (LSRP) to solve the routing problem.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2023.07a
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• pp.555-556
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 제조/물류 기업 등 제품(물품) 이동 작업 시 효율적인 경로 제공을 위한 경로 최적화 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 업무지원 시스템(MES, ERP, WMS 등)이 구축되어있는 기업을 대상으로 공간정보와 업무지원 시스템에 저장되는 제품 데이터를 기준 정보로 하며, 다익스트라(Dijkstra), 개미 집단 알고리즘(Ant Colony Algorithm, ACO)등 경로 탐색 알고리즘을 적용하여 문제를 해결하고자 한다. 공간정보는 공장(현장)의 레이아웃(Layout)과 제품이 적재/출하되는 렉(Rack) 등의 위치 정보가 포함되고, 업무지원 시스템에서 제품의 현재 위치, 공정 상태, 등록 시간, 제품 크기 등을 사용한다. 제안하는 기법은 상기 기준 정보를 경로 탐색 알고리즘에 적용하여 적재/출하, 공정 이동, 보관 장소 변경 등 제품의 위치가 변경되는 경우에 경로를 최적화할 수 있는 기법을 제안한다. 제품 이동 작업은 대부분 노동력에 의존하는 작업으로 경로 최적화 기법을 제안함으로써, 인력 비용 감소와 향후 로봇 기반의 제품 이동 작업에도 적용하여 자동화된 작업효과를 가져다 줄 것으로 기대한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the positional change of the uterus during radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Between 1997 and 2001, 47 patients received definitive radiotherapy for cervical cancer at the Samsung Medical Center. For each patient, two MRI scans were taken; one before and the other 3$\~$4 weeks after the radiotherapy treatment. In T2 weighted MRI images, the positional change of the uterine was quantified by measuring six quantities; the distance from the cervix os to the isthmus of the uterus (Dcx), the maximum length from the isthmus of the uterus to the uterine fundus (Dco), the maximum vertical distance of the uterine body (Dco-per), the angle between the vertical line and the cervical canal in the sagittal images (Acx), the angle of the uterine corpus from the vertical line in the sagittal plan (Aco-ap), and the relative angle of the uterine corpus from a fixed anatomical landmark in the axial images (Aco-axi). Results: The mean Dcx values, before and during the treatment, were 36.7 and 27.8 mm, respectively. The Dco deviated by more than 10 mm in 14 cases (29.8$\%$). The change in the Acx ranged from 0.1 to 67.8$^{\circ}$ (mean 13.2$^{\circ}$). The Aco-ap changed by a maximum of 84.8$^{\circ}$ (mean 16.9$^{\circ}$). The differences in the Dcx plus the Dco in the smaller (<4 cm) and larger ($geq$4 cm) tumors were 5.3 and 19.4 mm, respectively. With patients less than 60 years old, or with a tumor size larger than 4 cm, the difference in the Acx was statistically significant. Conclusion: The positional changes of the uterus, during radiation treatment, should be considered in the 3DCRT or IMRT treatment planning, particularly in patients under 60 years of age or in those with a tumor size greater than 4 cm in maximum diameter.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2022

Background: Although respiratory tract infection is one of the most important factors triggering acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD), limited data are available to suggest an epidemiologic pattern of microbiology in South Korea. Methods: A multicenter observational study was conducted between January 2015 and December 2018 across 28 hospitals in South Korea. Adult patients with moderate-to-severe acute exacerbations of COPD were eligible to participate in the present study. The participants underwent all conventional tests to identify etiology of microbial pathogenesis. The primary outcome was the percentage of different microbiological pathogens causing AE-COPD. A comparative microbiological analysis of the patients with overlapping asthma-COPD (ACO) and pure COPD was performed. Results: We included 1,186 patients with AE-COPD. Patients with pure COPD constituted 87.9% and those with ACO accounted for 12.1%. Nearly half of the patients used an inhaled corticosteroid-containing regimen and one-fifth used systemic corticosteroids. Respiratory pathogens were found in 55.3% of all such patients. Bacteria and viruses were detected in 33% and 33.2%, respectively. Bacterial and viral coinfections were found in 10.9%. The most frequently detected bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8%), and the most frequently detected virus was influenza A (10.4%). Multiple bacterial infections were more likely to appear in ACO than in pure COPD (8.3% vs. 3.6%, p=0.016). Conclusion: Distinct microbiological patterns were identified in patients with moderate-to-severe AE-COPD in South Korea. These findings may improve evidence-based management of patients with AE-COPD and represent the basis for further studies investigating infectious pathogens in patients with COPD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.559-564
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effect of phytochromes on the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, we measured the ethylene production and the activities of enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis using phytochrome mutants such as $phyA$, $phyB$, and $phyAB$ of Arabidopsis. The ethylene production was decreased in mutants grown in white light. In particular, double mutants showed a 37% decrease compared to the wild type in ethylene production. When Arabidopsis roots were grown in the dark, mutants did not show a decrease in ethylene production; however, production was significantly decreased in the double mutant grown in red light. Only $phyB$ did not show the decrease in the ethylene production in far-red light. Unlike the ACO activities, the ACS activities of mutants showed the same pattern as the ethylene production under several light conditions. The results of ACS activities confirmed the expression of the ACS gene by RT-PCR analysis. The decrease of ethylene production in mutants was due to the lower activity of ACC synthase, which converts the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene. These results suggested that both phytochrome A and B play an important role in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis roots in the conversion step of AdoMet to ACC, which is regulated by ACS.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.391-396
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to present basic research data to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of middle aged and oldest-old aged people. We retrospectively analyzed middle-aged group (average age of 44.2 year-old, 43 males, 26 females) and oldest-old aged group (average age of 84.7 year-old, 58 males, 71 females) who taken MRI screening for ischemic cerebrovascular disease from May 2006 year to January 2008 year. The intracerebral vascular were classified into 8 vessels, which anterior communication artery (ACoA), posterior communication artery (PCoA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery(CCA), and basilar artery (BA). The result of middle-aged group showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases appeared in men than women, and it affected in MCA mostly. In oldest-old aged group, ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred evenly spaced in intracerebral region of right, left, and both vessels, and women have more than men. For men, the most occurred in ICA and for women the most occurred in MCA. Specially middle-aged group in men showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in MCA appeared than oldest-old aged group in men. It is suggested that the analysis on ischemic cerebrovascular could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.47 no.8
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• pp.74-84
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a preference-based shortest path algorithm which is combined with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and A* heuristic algorithm. In recent years, with the development of ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems), there has been a resurgence of interest in a shortest path search algorithm for use in car navigation systems. Most of the shortest path search algorithms such as Dijkstra and A* aim at finding the distance or time shortest paths. However, the shortest path is not always an optimum path for the drivers who prefer choosing a less short, but more reliable or flexible path. For this reason, we propose a preference-based shortest path search algorithm which uses the properties of the links of the map. The preferences of the links are specified by the user of the car navigation system. The proposed algorithm was implemented in C and experiments were performed upon the map that includes 64 nodes with 118 links. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable to find preference-based shortest paths as well as distance shortest paths.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.384-391
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• 2016

In previous studies, we confirmed that the ethanol extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (ID1216) has anti-obesity effects on high-fat diet-fed mice. To identify the obesity-related genes affected by ID1216, we studied its effects both in vivo and in vitro. In mice, single administration of ID1216 increased the expression of obesity-related genes including sirtuin1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator $1{\alpha}$ ($PGC1{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) compared to that in mice administered the vehicle; their downstream genes (uncoupling proteins, acyl-CoA oxidase, adipocyte protein 2, and hormone-sensitive lipase) were also increased by ID1216. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, ID1216 showed the same effects on anti-obesity genes as those in the animal model. Based on these results, we propose that ID1216 has anti-obesity effects by regulating the $SIRT1-PGC1{\alpha}-PPAR{\alpha}$ pathway and their downstream genes, thereby controlling energy and lipid metabolisms.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.240-248
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the red coloration and endogenous ABA contents of apple fruit skins. ABA and fluridone (an ABA synthetic inhibitor, FD) was sprayed on 'Hongro' apple fruit skins at 107 days after full bloom (DAFB). Visual coloration and hunter's color values were not affected by the ABA and FD treatments. Anthocyanin contents in fruit skins increased similarly to hunter $a^*$ values of fruit skins, but ABA and FD did not affect its accumulations. Liquid chromatography analysis revealed that endogenous ABA contents in control fruit increased at first and then decreased from 12 hours after the treatment. ABA treatment increased ABA contents in fruit skins from 2 hour after the treatment and it lasted until the end of the treatments. FD decreased ABA contents in fruit skins from 6 hours after the treatment. ABA treatment increased MdNCED2 (an ABA biosynthetic gene), MdACO1 (an ethylene biosynthetic gene), and MdCHS and MdDFR expressions. However, MdUFGT expressions were not affected by ABA treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

Light is essential to the growth and development of plants, and it is perceived by phytochromes, which are one of the photoreceptors that regulate physiological responses in plants. Ethylene regulates the dormancy, senescence, growth, and development of organs in plants. This research focused on the interaction of phytochromes and ethylene to control hypocotyl growth and gravitropism using phytochrome mutants of Arabidopsis, phyA, phyB, and phyAB, under three light conditions: red (R) light, farred (FR) light, and white light. The mutant phyAB exhibited the most stimulation of gravitropic response of all three phytochrome mutants and wild type (WT) in all three light conditions. Moreover, phyB in the R light condition showed more negative gravitropism than phyA. However, phyB in the FR light condition showed less curvature than phyA. The hypocotyl growth pattern was similar to the gravitropic response in several light conditions. To explain the mechanism of the regulation of gravitropic response and growth, we measured the ethylene production and activities of in vitro ACS and ACO. Ethylene production was reduced in all the mutants grown in white light in comparison to the WT. Ethylene production increased in the phyA grown in R light and phyB grown in FR light in comparison to the other mutants. The ACS activity coincided with the ethylene production in the phyA and the phyB grown in R light and FR light, respectively. These results suggest that the Pfr form of phyB in R light and the Pr form of phyA in FR light increased ethylene production via increasing ACS activity.