• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.652-658
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• 2012

This study was carried out to identify the ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activity of casein hydrolysates for development of anti-hypertensive hydrolysates. Sodium caseinate was treated with six kinds of commercial proteases such as Flavourzyme, Protamex, Neutrase 1.5, Alcalase, Protease M, and Protease S for 8 h individually, and was then treated with the enzyme combination for 4 h at $45^{\circ}C$. The hydrolysate which had the highest ACE inhibitory effect was then hydrolysed successively with three digestive enzymes: pepsin, trypsin, and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, at $37^{\circ}C$ for 4 h under conditions mimicking those of the gastrointestinal tract. UF (ultra filtration) treatment was applied to one of the secondary hydrolysates to determine ACE inhibitory activity. When sodium caseinate was hydrolysed by commercial proteases, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) showed 2.54 to 4.25% and after secondary hydrolysis, DH showed 4.30 to 5.22%. ACE inhibitory activity and $IC_{50}$ values decreased, and inhibition rates increased during hydrolysis. Protamex treatment showed the lowest $IC_{50}$ value ($516{\mu}g/mL$) and Flavourzyme hydrolysate showed the highest $IC_{50}$value ($866{\mu}g/mL$). As the first hydrolysate was treated with Flavourzyme, the ACE inhibitory activity increased. Neutrase hydrolysate had the highest activity with an $IC_{50}$ value ($282{\mu}g/mL$). When Neutrase plus Flavourzyme treatment was hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes, the $IC_{50}$ value ($597{\mu}g/mL$) was decreased statistically (p<0.05). As Neutrase plus Flavourzyme hydrolysate is treated by UF with MW cut-off 10,000, permeate showed $273{\mu}g/mL$ of $IC_{50}$ value, showed no difference, but retentate which has over MW 10,000 showed statistically different $IC_{50}$ value, $635{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2018

This study was carried out to search for the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts obtained from 5 kinds of oriental medical plant; Pleuropterus multiflorus extract (PME), Acorus calamus L. extract (ACE), Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. extract (LEE), Xanthium strumarium L. extract (XSE), Lonicera japonica extract (LJE), which have traditionally been used as a drug in oriental medical plants in Korea. XSE showed cytotoxicity at 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05) and ACE showed cytotoxicity at $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05). But other oriental medical plants did not showed cytotoxicity was observed in RAW264.7 cells below $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. These extracts at non-toxic concentrations showed anti-inflammatory effects. PME, ACE, XSE and LJE showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on NO production and $PGE_2$ production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In particular, XSE showed the highest NO production inhibition ($52.9{\mu}g/ml$, $IC_{50}$) as well as the highest $PGE_2$ production inhibition at $50{\mu}g/ml$ (73.6%). ACE and LEE showed cell proliferation effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Especially, LEE showed 21.1, 53.5 and 99.6% proliferative activity by incubation for 1, 3, 5days at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. ACE also showed 11.2, 26.0% proliferative activity for 1day and 3days at $10{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. As a result of this study, ethanol extracts obtained from 5 kinds of oriental medical plant showed anti-inflammatory activity and HaCaT cell regeneration effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2009

In this study, extracts from S. officinalis were tested for antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities against $\alpha$-amylase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). The content of total phenolic compounds in water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts were 36.2, 42.7, 40.3 and 39.6 mg/g, respectively. In 60% ethanol extracts, the EDA by DPPH free radical scavenging test of S. officinalis was $66.3{\pm}2.2%$ at $200{\mu}g/ml$. The inhibition rate of ABTS was $97.6{\pm}0.1%$, the antioxidant protection factor was $2.26{\pm}0.63$ PF, and TBARS was $0.62{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$ in the control and $0.29{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$). Also in 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis, the inhibitory activity against XOase was 78% and was not shown to be against ACE. According to the $12.6{\pm}0.14\;mm$ of clear zone formed, the inhibition rate against $\alpha$-Amylase was 7.6% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Antimicrobial activities of 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis against Helicobacter pylori exhibited an inhibition rate of $12.5{\sim}66.1%$ according to the $10{\sim}15\;mm$ of clear zone at $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional food sources.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2014

Antioxidative, immunostimulating, and antihypertensive activities of hot water extracts of fermented Hizikia fusiformis were evaluated. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria generally increased the biological activities of H. fusiformis. Fermentation with isolated Weissella sp. SH-1 resulted in 13.83-62.15% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 34.90-59.25% SOD-like activity. The maximal inhibition of ACE was 82.25%, and the maximal reduction in NO production was 46.53%. Fermentation with Lactobacillus casei resulted in 11.98-72.84% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 14.17-33.62% of SOD-like activity. The maximal inhibition of ACE was 73.31%, and the maximal reduction in NO production was 65.20%. These results hint at the applicability of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria to improve the diverse biological activities of H. fusiformis and to develop functional materials or foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.631-636
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• 2004

Methanol extracts and powder of chicken bile were evaluated to determine antimicrobial, electron-donating, nitrite-scavenging, and inhibitory abilities against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). HPLC revealed taurochonodeoxycholic acid (TCDOA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) were major bile salts, at 5,893 and 395 mg/100g, respectively. Methanol extracts showed inhibitory effect on growth of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, whereas no effect on Escherichia coli. Electrondonating and nitrite-scavenging abilities increased significantly with increasing amount of bile samples. Electrondonating activity of dried powder was higher than that of methanol extracts, whereas nitrite-scavenging activity showed opposite trend. Both samples showed positive inhibitory activity of ACE. Methanol extracts showed higher activity than that of freeze-dried powder at high level of bile sample (5 and 10%).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate biological and antioxidative activities on the fruit of bogbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel). Total contents of phenolic compounds contents in cultivars ripened fruit and immatured wild-type fruit were 222 and 190mg/g, respectively, Polysaccharide contents of immatured wild-type fruit were the highest value of 320U. For EDA analysis, immatured wild-type fruit showed over 95％ in 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of sample concentration, which is the the most effective. Levels of SOD-like activities in immatured and cultivar ripened fruits were 81％ and 77%, respectively, For the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, all of bogbunja prepared were similar with those of $\alpha$-tocopherol as control. The inhibition of ACE activities on the water extracts of bogbunja fruit showed over 98%, especially, in immature wild-type and cultivar bogbunja.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 1993

Effect of BR-900317 on the angiotensin I-induced pressor response in pithed rats and the effects of its single oral administration on plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activities in normotensive rats and on the cardiovascular system in hypertensive model rats (SHR, RHR), were compared with those of captopril. BR-900317 attenuated the angiotensin I-induced pressor effects in pithed rats. In a single oral dose administration study, BR-900317 inhibited the plasma ACE activities in a dose-dependent fashion. Duration of the action of BR-900317 was similar to that of captopril. BR-900317 produced antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats and dose-dependent antihypertensive effect in 2-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats without affecting heart rate. These results suggest that the main mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of BR-900317 is the suppression of angiotensin II production due to the inhibition of the ACE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.307-314
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• 2006

This study was conducted to screen in vitro angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) and aqueous extracts which were prepared by four different extractions-80% methanol extracts(ME) at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;70^{\circ}C$, respectively and aqueous extracts (AE) at both temperatures with the residue of the MEs-of ten marine green algae and nineteen brown algae collected along Jeju coast of Korea. Most marine brown algae extracts showed higher capacities than those of marine green algae in ACE inhibitory activity. Particularly, $70^{\circ}C$ MeOH extract (70ME) of Hizikia fusiforme showed the strongest inhibition activity (about 87%) among all the extracts. Also, 70 MEs of Enteromorpha linza, Ishige sinicola, Laminaria ochotensis, Petrospongium rugosum, Sagrassum horneri, Undaria pinnatifida and $20^{\circ}C$ MeOH extracts (20ME) of Myagropsis myagroides, Petrospongium rugosum, $20^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts (20AE) of Codium contractum, Enteromorpha compressa, and $70^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts (70AE) of Ecklonia cava, Petrospongium rugosum showed moderate ACE inhibitory activities more than 50% and the other extracts exhibited weak activities. On tile other hand, E. cava had the best ACE inhibitory activity among 70AEs. This indicates that 70AE of E. cava contains potential anti-ACE macromolecular. We tried to proteolytic digest 70AE of E. cava to induce production of anti-ACE peptides from E. cava 70AE. The enzymes used are five pretenses including Kojizyme, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Alcalase, and Protamex, which are food grade-commercial enzymes from Novo Co. Flavourzyme-digest of E. cava 70AE showed the highest inhibitory activity about 90%. And the five different enzymatic digests of the E. cava 70AE ranged from 2.33 to 3.56 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively in $IC_{50}$ values of anti-ACE activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.396-403
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• 2014

In this study, the antioxidant effect of water and ethanol extracts from Juniperus rigida Sieb were investigated. The activities of each of the extracts were measured based on their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and using antioxidant test such as of 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTs) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity, antioxidant protection fator (PF), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) content, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition activity assay. The result of the examination to measure the polyphenol content by investigating the antioxidativity of the J. rigida Sieb. extract showed 71.3 mg/g polyphenol content in the water extract, and 116.0 mg/g in the ethanol extract and a 17.7 mg/g flavonoid content in the water extract and in 76.4 mg/g in the ethanol extract. The ABTS radical cation decolorization showed 76.4% and 79.3% scavenging activities of the $500{\mu}g/mL$ water extract and ethanol extract, respectively. The FRAP showed 1.83 mM efficacy in the water extract and a lower 1.77 mM in ethanol extract. Both the water extract and the ethanol extract showed reduced ACE activities of 75.39% and 71.25% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The antioxidant protection factor of the water and 70% ethanol extracts of J. rigida Sieb were 1.5 PF and 2.1 PF, respectively. In the TBARS inhibitory activity, the extracts showed 55.78% and 71.48% antioxidant activities at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The results of the measurrement of the ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity indicated more than 90% of activity inhibition in the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of the ethanol extract. For the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the ethanol extract showed 70% activity inhibition at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.265-269
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop physiologically active plant materials from medicinal plants. Crude extracts and solvent fractions prepared from Lysimachia cletroides Duby were tested for their antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. For ellucidating antioxidant potential, inhibition rate on linoleic acid peroxidation, as well as scavenging activities on superoxide anion and 1,1-dipicrylphenylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were evaluated. For analyzing antihypertensive effect, inhibitory activity on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was done. Methanol extract of L. cletroides showed potent inhibition activity of 83% on linoleic acid peroxidation, which was more effective than -2% of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ at $25\;{\mu}g/ml$. Methanol and water extracts exhibited strong scavenging activities of $86{\sim}109%$ and $96{\sim}122%$ on superoxide anion radical which was higher than $-4{\sim}69%$ of ascorbic acid at $5{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$. Hexane, ether and ethylacetate fractions possessed 133, 100 and 88% inhibitory activities on ACE at $4,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. From the results, it was expected that Lysimachia cletroides could be a new antioxidant and antihypertensive resource.