• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.723-730
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• 2006

In the electrical railway, the tension ascension of contact wire is essential to speed up of train and current collection performance of catenary largely depends on the tension. The tension variation rate of the tensioning device used in existing line limits within 5%, and the tension variation rate of the spring-type tensioning device installed at the section where tensioning length is short bounds within 15%. So it is urgent for us to localize it for high speed line, which the tension variation rate is limited within 3%. Therefore in this study, a pulley-type tensioning device for high speed line is developed. To verify the performance of developed device, a performance test, overload test and failure test is carried out under the code of the Kyung-Bu High Speed line. And it is secured durability performance through a fatigue test.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1994

Chromosome variation in callus cells initiated from different cytogenetic type plane of Scilla scilloides Complex was analysed Considerable variation in both chromosome number and struchure was found in type AA, while no autosomal variation was detected in type BB callus cells. In allotetraploid AABB, two hypoploid cells were fount while a hypoploid cell and three hyperploid cells were found in eutetraploid cells of BBBB. Autosomes in callus cells derived from the plant with B-chromosomes were more stable than those from the plant without B-chromosome. We doubt that B-chromosomes have a selective function for the autosomes in culture of S. scilloides Complex.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.660-667
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to modify a Flared Skirt for women according to the somatotype of lower body. The subjects for the wear test were 3 students, who were in $mean{\pm}1{\sigma}$ each somatotype. The results of this study are as follows: First, the Flared Skirt pattern was modified according to each type. The front waist line rising measurement proposed for type 1 and type 2 were 0.5cm, because of lower front silhouette with waist shape. The back waist line rising measurement proposed for type 2 was 1cm and type 3 was 0.5cm, because of lower back shape with hip. Second, the wave-height of nodes were regular at front and back in type 1. Also, the wave-height of nodes were evenly distributed side and center. The variation ratio of wave-height of back nodes were lower than existing pattern in type 2 and type 3. It means the variation ratio of wave-height of back nodes were regular in modification pattern. Altogether, modification patterns were more regular and lower than existing pattern in the number of nodes, the distribution ratio of nodes, the wave-height of node, the variation ratio of wave height of nodes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2019

Background: Habitat selectivity and ecology of freshwater fishes were studied in two selected streams and their junction point which consist a total of 39 microhabitats. The aims of this study were to describe the habitat preference and its availability to fish assemblage, as well as ecology, habitat use, and habitat characteristics. Methods: We collected fish with backpack electrofishing three times during August 2013, December 2013, and March 2014. Using a variation partitioning approach of R software, we studied the relationship of fish abundances with stream type, habitat type, and abundance of key macroinvertebrate taxa. Results: A total of 6554 fishes representing four species belonging to the family Cyprinidae were caught. A higher total fish abundance was recorded from Gereb Tsedo (4870; 74.3%) than from Elala stream (1684; 25.7%). Taking both streams together, the overall total relative fish abundance was significantly higher in pools (53%) than in runs (35%) and in riffles (12%) at P < 0.05. Species-wise comparisons showed that 71%, 15%, 13%, and 1% of the pool fish community were occupied by Garra blanfordii, Garra ignestii, Garra dembecha, and Garra aethiopica, respectively. Stream type, habitat type, and key macroinvertebrate taxa each explained a significant proportion of the variation in fish abundance. Based on the variation partitioning approach, fish abundance was higher in Gereb Tsedo stream (P < 0.01). Moreover, fish abundance increased with pool habitat type (P < 0.01) and with availability of key macroinvertebrate taxa (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Fish abundance differed between stream types, among habitats and among key macroinvertebrate taxa availability. Among the factors, habitat type was the most important driving factor behind variation among fish abundances, and pool supports the highest fish abundance.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.421-435
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• 2006

The objective of this report is to introduce the European Union's variation rules governing medicinal products that are subject to post-approval changes. The EMEA outlines a variety of changes occurring to approved medicinal products. It also recommends a marketing authorisation holder to follow specific post-approval applications in various situations. For instance, the Commission Regulation(EC) No. 1085/2003 explains variation types and suggests post-authorisation procedures with which an applicant should comply. In all cases of minor and major variations the applicant has to investigate and validate whether or not the intended changes would have impact on the safety, efficacy and quality of a drug product. The applicant should then submit to the EMEA a variation application with adequate documentation in support of the notified changes. This procedure is implemented to ensure that changes to the approved medicinal product do not cause my public health concerns. In fact, the post-authorisation guidance categorizes post-approval changes into type IA/IB variations, type II variations, and extension applications. Such classifications determine administrative procedures to be followed in an efficient manner. Based on the type of a variation, the regulatory agency opts to reduce or extend the evaluation time-frame. The thrust of the EU's post-authorisation guidance is introduced in text with appropriate explanation. All these information will be likely to be helpful in updating a Korean regulatory guidance that could better deal with post-approval changes to generic drugs available in the market.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.76-95
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• 2009

In the fungal genus Cordyceps, the type species Cordyceps militaris produces bioactive ingredients and exhibits medicinal effects as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The fruiting bodies of C.militaris have now been mass-produced artificially and used as functional food and medicine in China. The unstable variation in forming fruiting body is however a key restrictive factor in industrial production. The genetic study on in vitro stromata formation of C. militaris has rarely been carried out. Here, we report the effects of genetic variation including the mating system on perithecial stromata formation of C. militaris. Monoconidial isolates which have both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1(genotype MAT1-1/2) could produce stromata. While the isolates only have either MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1 (genotype MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) failed to produce stromata. Despite obvious heterothallism, homothallism was occasionally observed in a few isolates of C. militaris. High genetic variation was observed amongst the different monoconidial isolates of C. militaris. The unstable variation or lose of fruiting body formation was found to be caused by the inner-species high genetic variation of C. militaris. These results also indicated that C. militaris sexually behaved as both heterothallic and homothallic and required two mating type compatible in the same culture in order to produce regular clubshaped perithecial stromata.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07a
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• pp.434-436
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• 1996

This paper investigates the optimal design of an electronic ballast of half bridge inverter type in consideration of the variation of ambient temperatures for a 15[W] triple-type compact fluorescent lamp. The performances of electronic ballasts under different values or the capacitance ratio in the resonant tank circuit are compared with each other in the practical temperature range between 15[$^{\circ}C$] and 35[$^{\circ}C$] to determine its optimum value. As a result, the optimum value is found to be such that $C_1/C_2=10$ at which value starting of the lamp is most stable and light output reaches its maximum value with lowest variation.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers B
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2004

In this paper, the magnetic circuit characteristics and the current/torque analysis of a Spoke Type permanent magnet motor have been researched, compared with the SPM Type motor. In the magnetic circuit analysis, the characteristic of air-gap flux density has been analyzed according to the variation of the number of pole and the ratio of magnet height to arc length using finite element method and circuit equations. Moreover, the electromagnetic and the reluctance torque have been analyzed by the current profile, which is obtained from the variation of turn-on angle, and these informative data has been utilized for the overall characteristics of the Spoke Type BLDC motor.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.1233-1236
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• 1996

Attitude Control System for a Hydrofoil type catamaran in wave is designed using a Decentralized Adaptive Control technique which is announced already by authors. This automatic attitude control system is designed for its good seaworthiness and for robustness on the variation of center of gravity. The performance is compared with a PID controller and the results show that the Decentralized Adaptive controller has better stability on the variation of the center of gravity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.335-340
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• 2005

A study on the variation of combustion characteristics by injector geometries was conducted. Coaxial swirl injectors were used. Existence of swirl chamber and variation of a nozzle length become key parameters. Injectors were identified as open, closed and mixed type by existence of swirl chamber. Variation of nozzle length was made extruding the both nozzle along the axis while other design parameters remain the same. A uni-element combustor with ablative material liner and a water cooled nozzle made by oxygen free copper with outer stainless steel casing were used.