• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.1-34
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• 2008

It is recognized that RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standard) and FIT(Feed-in Tariff) are two main policy instruments to promote Renewable Electricity(RE). The Korean Government announced in 2008 that RE promotion scheme will be changed to RPS from current FIT system in 2012. But we believe RPS is inferior to FIT for promoting less developed technologies such as photovoltaics or wind power. This is because the achievement of RE promotion in countries adopting RPS is markedly worse than that in European counties or Janpan adopting FIT. If the policy change is inevitable, when considering the lessons from Japan's failure as well as supporting the less developed technologies, it is recommended that either the market should be divided into several technology and scale categories, or more RPS-Credit per kWh should be assigned to the photovoltaic and wind power than instead of letting the all technologies compete in the "open category". It is also recommended that (1) Renewable Energy Promotion Fund(tentative name) based on a part of current energy related tax revenue should be introduced, or (2) cost of supporting the Renewable Electricity should automatically be transferred into the electricity bill of electricity consumers following the German System.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.183-200
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• 1994

This research aims to introduce the theoretical basis of the studies of tourism resources, by review the research trends of tourism resources in the geography field. The geographical approaches to tourism resouces can be subdicided into 3 categories according to the subject. First, the classification of tourism resource types and the approach on the spatial distribution may be enumerated. This subject has been the object of the most interest and discussion to the geographers for tourism up to now. And from the viewpoint of contents, it has been developed by classifying the types of tourism resoures, which is based on the establishment of the range and standard of tourism resources and the spatial classification of types based on the distribution feature of the area. Second, the approach about cognition, preference and interpretation on the tourism resources as the background to induce tourism phenomenon and decide the tourism destination. Judging from the fact that most of this subject is starting from the behavioural study and that the right understanding and interpretation of tourism resource is the important factor to decide the preference degree of tourists, we have to have much interest about the field of tourism geoaraphy. Third, the development of tourism resources which is showing the active study recently and its influence and effect attendant upon it may be enumerated. Today, as the economic value of tourism is become important internationally, tourism resources are recognized as the important factor to induce the industrialization of tourism. And in the series of analytical studies related to it the interest has been transferred from the economic benefit analysis attendant upon tourism development including tourism resource and to the cultural, educational, environmental and psychological influence, etc. As the result of composite examination, for the geographical studies about tourism resources, the spatial scale and the contents are being subdivided and specialized. And in the side of subject and method of study, it is developing into the positive study based on the concrete data and the measuring and analytical frame.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.28-40
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the satisfaction and features of patient groups treated with KMST. Methods: From December 4th 2013 to May 8th 2014, 94 outpatients and 37 inpatients were treated with KMST, and we analyzed their medical records and satisfaction level questionnaires. Results: Mean age of total inpatients and OB&GY inpatients, total outpatients and OB&GY outpatients treated with KMST was $50.84{\pm}9.72$ years, $46.86{\pm}8.43$ years, $44.39{\pm}12.16$ years and $44.01{\pm}11.20$ years respectively. Mean value of treatment numbers per person of each group was 14.70 times, 14.58 times, 3.29 times and 3.41 times respectively. Mean interval between treatments per person of each group was 1.32 days, 1.23 days, 10.90 days and 11.62 days each. Chief complaints of OB&GY inpatients in the order of frequency were lower abdominal pain, dyspepsia and vaginal discharge. As for OB&GY outpatients, they were cold hypersensitivity, vaginal discharge, dyspepsia and infertility. The satisfaction level questionnaires for KMST showed a mean value of $7.98{\pm}1.82$ out of 10-point scale in 6 multiple-choice questions. Conclusions: Most of the patients treated with KMST were female. Pain, dyspepsia and cold hypersensitivity, vaginal discharge were frequent chief complaints in OB&GY inpatients and outpatients group each. It was found that overall satisfaction level of patients treated with KMST was high and there was no reported side effect.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.46-53
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• 2014

Purpose: We conducted this study in order to determine clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with acute tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning caused by ingestion of puffer fish. Methods: In this retrospective study, 107 patients were diagnosed with TTX poisoning. The subjects were divided into two groups according to duration of treatment; Group I, patients were discharged within 48 hours (n=76, 71.0%), Group II patients were discharged after more than 48 hours (n=31, 29.0%). Group II was subsequently divided into two subgroups [IIa (n=12, 11.2%), IIb (n=19, 17.8%)] according to the need for mechanical ventilation support. Results: In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the predictors of the need for treatment over 48 hours were dizziness (odds ratio [OR], 4.72; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.59-12.83), time interval between onset of symptom and ingestion (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.16-0.97), $PaCO_2$<35 mmHg (OR, 8.37; 95% CI, 2.37-23.59). In addition, predictors of the need for mechanical ventilation were a time interval between onset of symptoms and ingestion (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.11-0.96) and $PaCO_2$<35 mmHg (OR, 5.65; 95% CI, 1.96-18.66). Conclusion: Overall, dizziness, time interval between onset of symptoms and ingestion, ${\Delta}DBP$ and $PaCO_2$<35 mmHg predict the need for treatment over 48 hours, time interval between onset of symptoms and ingestion and $PaCO_2$<35 mmHg predict the need for mechanical ventilation support after acute TTX poisoning.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.777-789
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• 2020

COVID-19 has been rapidly spread world wide since late December 2019. In this paper, our interest is to estimate distribution of incubation time defined as period between infection of virus and the onset. Due to the limit of accessibility and asymptomatic feature of COVID-19 virus, the exact infection and onset time are not always observable. For estimation of incubation time, interval censoring technique is implemented. Furthermore, a competing risk model is applied to estimate the case fatality and cure fraction. Based on the result, the mean incubation time is about 5.4 days and the fatality rate is higher for older and male patient and the cure rate is higher at younger,female and asymptomatic patient.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

This study aims to enhance English pronunciation education for Korean students by examining the impact of standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect on the articulation of English vowels. Data were obtained through the Korean-Spoken English Corpus (K-SEC). Seven Korean words and ten English mono-syllabic words were uttered by adult, male speakers of standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect, in particular, speakers with little to no experience living abroad were selected. Formant frequencies of the recorded corpus data were measured using spectrograms, provided by the speech analysis program, Praat. The recorded data were analyzed using the articulatory graph for formants. The results show that in comparison with speakers using standard Korean, those using the Gyeongsang regional dialect articulated both Korean and English vowels in the back. Moreover, the contrast between standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect in the pronunciation of Korean vowels (/으/, /어/) affected how the corresponding English vowels (/ə/, /ʊ/) were articulated. Regardless of the use of regional dialect, a general feature of vowel pronunciation among Korean people is that they show more narrow articulatory movements, compared with that of native English speakers. Korean people generally experience difficulties with discriminating tense and lax vowels, whereas native English speakers have clear distinctions in vowel articulation.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.291-306
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• 2021

From the climate change scenario experiments of 21 models participating in Coupled Climate Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6, future changes of sea surface temperature (SST) and Kuroshio in the Northwest Pacific were analyzed. The spatial feature of SST change was found to be related to the change of the current speed and spatial distribution of Kuroshio. To investigate the relationship between the change in latitude of the Kuroshio extension region, which flows along the boundary between the subtropical gyre and the subarctic gyre in the North Pacific, and the large-scale atmospheric circulation due to global warming, the zero-windstress curl line for each climate change experiment from 9 out of 21 models were compared. As the atmospheric radiative forcing increases due to the increase of greenhouse gases, it was confirmed that the zero-windstress curl line moves northward, which is consistent with the observation. These results indicate that as the Hadley Circulation expands to the north due to global warming, the warming of the mid-latitudes to which the Korean Peninsula belongs may be accelerated. The volume transport and temperature of the Tsushima Warm Current flowing into the East Sea through the Korea Strait also increased as the atmospheric radiative forcing increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.43-45
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• 2021

The short-term quantitative precipitation prediction (QPF) system is important socially and economically to prevent damage from severe weather. Recently, many studies for short-term QPF model applying the Deep Neural Network (DNN) has been conducted. These studies require the sophisticated pre-processing because the mistreatment of various and vast meteorological data sets leads to lower performance of QPF. Especially, for more accurate prediction of the non-linear trends in precipitation, the dataset needs to be carefully handled based on the physical and dynamical understands the data. Thereby, this paper proposes the following approaches: i) refining and combining major factors (weather radar, terrain, air temperature, and so on) related to precipitation development in order to construct training data for pattern analysis of precipitation; ii) producing predicted precipitation fields based on Convolutional with ConvLSTM. The proposed algorithm was evaluated by rainfall events in 2020. It is outperformed in the magnitude and strength of precipitation, and clearly predicted non-linear pattern of precipitation. The algorithm can be useful as a forecasting tool for preventing severe weather.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.533-545
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• 2023

In this study, an investigation was conducted on the features, events, and processes (FEP) that could impact the long-term safety of the natural barriers constituting high-level radioactive waste geological repositories. The FEP list was developed utilizing the IFEP list 3.0 provided by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) as foundational data, supplemented by geological investigations and research findings from leading countries in this field. A total of 49 FEPs related to the performance of the natural barrier were identified. For each FEP, detailed definitions, classifications, impacts on long-term safety, significance in domestic conditions, and feasibility of quantification were provided. Moreover, based on the compiled FEP list, three scenarios that could affect the long-term safety of the disposal facility were developed. Geological factors affecting the performance of the natural barrier in each scenario were selected and their relationships were visualized. The constructed FEP list and the visualization of interrelated factors in various scenarios are anticipated to provide essential information for selecting and organizing factors that must be considered in the development of mathematical models for quantitatively evaluating the long-term safety of deep geological repositories. In addition, these findings could be effectively utilized in establishing criteria related to the key performance of natural barriers for the confirmation of repository sites.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2013

The weirs built so far are mainly overflow type weirs overflowing to the upstream. Main advantages of overflow type weirs are, effective water resources management and easy design, construction and maintenance due to many accumulated studies. However, due to the special feature of the overflow type weir where water overflows through the upstream of the weir, the silt coming from the upstream is not discharged to the downstream of the weir. This increases the river bed and reduces the reservoir capacity, and as a result, the weir loses its function. A underflow type weir with a water gate has been implemented in order to solve such sediment deposit and weir maintenance problems. However due to the design problem of recently constructed underflow type weirs, the river bed of the downstream of a weir has been scoured. And this leds to a structural problem. In this study, the flow characteristics of overflow type weirs and underflow type weir, hydraulic jump length analysis depending on change of water depth and the amount of specific energy loss generated per unit length depending on a weir type have been compared and analyzed, for the effective design and management of the weirs. The experiment results show that, when identical upstream conditions of underflow type weir and an overflow type weir were maintained, the hydraulic jump length was up to twice longer with Fr(Froude number) 3.5 of the hydraulic jump length at the underflow type weir, and the hydraulic jump length gradually decreased as the downstream water depth increased. The comparative analysis result of the amount of specific energy loss generated per unit length showed that the amount of energy loss per unit length was twice higher for an overlfow type weir than a underflow type weir. Therefore, in case of a underflow type facility, an additional energy reduction facility is determined to be necessary for safety of water construction structures.