• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical manifestations and antibiotic resistance of salmonellosis in children. Methods : We reviewed medical records and investigated the clinical characteristics of culture-proven childhood salmonellosis from January 2000 through December 2011 at the CHA Bundang Medical center. Results : We assessed 53 patients. The median age was 3-years-old (minimum 12 days, maximum 18-years-old) and the number of male patients was 33 (62.3%). It occurred most frequently in the summer (39%) and in 2001 (11 cases) however there was no case in 2009 and 2010. Salmonella typhi was isolated in 3 cases with septicemia. Antibiotic resistance to ampicillin was most frequently presented (30.2%) and 63.6% in serogroup B. No antibiotics resistance strains were cultured in patients with positive Salmonella typhi. Admitted patients from 2000 to 2011 were divided into 2 groups; group 1 from 2000 to 2005 and group 2 from 2006 to 2011. 40 cases belonged to group 1 and 13 cases were in the group 2. Group 2 showed more resistance to ampicillin than group 1 but without any statistical significance(25% vs. 38.5%, P=0.349). In group 1, the most common serotype was group D and in group 2, the most common serotype were group C and D. Conclusion : Salmonellosis in children was frequently occurred from 2000 to 2003 but decreased after 2004. There was no difference in clinical manifestations, serotypes and antibiotic resistances between the years.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.2 s.34
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• pp.195-210
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• 1991

Fatty liver is caused by derangement of fat metabolism and can be reversed by removal of contributing factors. The contributing factors of fatty liver is known to be overweight, chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and drug abuse such as tetracycline. This study was carried out on 1335 persons who visited 'Soon Chun Hyang Human Dock Center' from March to June 1990. In analysis of the data, prevalence of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram by age and sex, laboratory finding between fatty liver group and normal group, and odds ratio of known contributing factors, were compared. The results obtained are as following ; 1) The prevalence rate of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram is 29.6% in male and 11.5% in female. 2) Age groups with high prevalences are $40{\sim}50's$ in male (32.0%) and 50's in female (24.5%). 3) The fatty liver shows significant association with style (p<0.05), whereas not with hepatitis B-virus surface antigen (p>0.05). 4) All laboratory values except alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are elevated significantly in accordance with the degree of fatty liver (p<0.01). 5) Fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram showed so strong associations with body index, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transferase for males, and body index and fasting blood sugar for females that these factors may be used as supplementary data in establishing diagnosis of fatty liver. 6) Odds ratio of contributing factors are as follows ; If the odds ratio of below 29 year of age is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}39$ is 1.74 (p=0.33), $40{\sim}49$ is 2.47 (p=0.10), $50{\sim}59$ is 2.86 (p=0.0570), over 60 is 1.81 (p=0.34). If the odds ratio of female is 1.0 then that of male is 5.67 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of body index below zero is 1.0 then that of $0{\sim}9$ is 5.08 (p<0.01), $10{\sim}19$ is 12.37 (p<0.01), $20{\sim}29$ is 29.19 (p<0.01), 30 above is 154.02 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of below 99 mg/dl FBS is 1.0 then that of $100{\sim}120$ is 106 (p=0.76), over 120 is 1.91 (p=0.02). If the odds ratio of below $29{\mu}/1{\gamma}-GT$ is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}s59$ is 2.11 (p<0.01), $60{\sim}90$ is 1.87 (p<0.05), 90 above is 1.69 (p=0.15). If the odds ratio of below 149 mg/dl TG is 1.0 then $150{\sim}199$ is 1.49 (p=0.05), $200{\sim}250$ is 1.09 (P=0.77), 250 above is 2.53 (p<0.01). In summary, early diagnosis of fatty liver could be made by ultrasonogram supplemented with body index and nm triglyceride. The fatty liver could be preventive by avoiding contributing factors such as obesity, alcohol intake, high blood sugar appropriately.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2012

The recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) has been used for increasing milk production of dairy cows without adverse health effects. This study was conducted to compare effects of supplementation with $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 containing 250 mg of rbST on milk production with those of $Posilac^{(R)}$ and $Boostin^{(R)}$-S. And safety of rbST supplementation on target animals was also observed. Each twenty-five lactating dairy cows were assigned randomly to one of four groups. $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 and vehicle (control) were administered weekly. $Boostin^{(R)}$-S and $Posilac^{(R)}$ were administered two week intervals. Milk yield, milk components, milk somatic cell count, health status, and body condition score of cows were examined. Supplementation with $Posilac^{(R)}$, $Boostin^{(R)}$-S, and $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 induced more milk yield than control group by 2.9 kg/day (12.3%), 4.2 kg/day (17.9%), and 4.1 kg/day (17.4%), respectively. There was a significant difference in milk yield among three rbST treatment groups and control group (${\alpha}$ = 0.05). The rbST supplementation did not increase the incidence of clinical mastitis and milk somatic cell counts. Supplementation with rbST did not significantly affect milk components (milk fat, protein, and solid not fat). The rbST supplementation of the dairy cows after peak milk yield did not cause negative effect on BCS. However, some cows less than 100 days in milking had decreased BCSs after rbST supplementation. In conclusion, milk production in 250 mg of rbST administered cows every week was similar to that of 500 mg of rbST administered cows every 2 weeks. And supplementation of 250 mg of rbST every week could reduce metabolic stress in cows.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 1973

This report was presented to explain the relationships between various soil pH based on the present land use, nodes of depositions, and pH measurement methods ($H_2O$ and KCl extract). The samples were collected from 160 soil series in Korea. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The average pH ($H_2O$) of surface soil were $5.3{\pm}0.6$ for paddy soils, $5.5{\pm}0.9$ for upland, $5.4{\pm}0.5$ for forest soils, $5.3{\pm}0.6$ for grassland and $5.4{\pm}0.7$ for country average. 2. The average pH (KCl) of surface soil were $4.2{\pm}0.6$ for representative soils. Paddy soils had $4.2{\pm}0.6$; upland $4.2{\pm}0.8$; forest soils, $4.0{\pm}0.6$; and grassland, $4.3{\pm}0.6$. 3. The soil pH in B and C horizons were generally higher than that of A horizons. 4. The soil pH in field were correlated with lab. soil pH ($H_2O$) and pH (KCl). Field soil pH measured by pH kit could be highly accepted in accuracy compared with lab. pH of upland, grassland, forest and paddy soils. 5. Soil pH ($H_2O$) of surface based on mode of depositions was generally higher in residuum of mountainous and hilly land than those of Fluvio-marine deposits and old alluvium, however soil pH (KCl) was higher in fiuvio-marine deposits than those of mountainous and hilly land. It was shown that soil pH (KCl) was more reasonable than that of soil pH ($H_2O$) in practical use.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2011

Cereals are the main raw material for sunsik manufacture. As the fundamental processing step, it is very important to confirm the level of the microorganism contamination in the cereals. This study was carried out a micrbiological screening of cereal samples for sunsik from 19 companies located in South Korea. Ten kinds of cereals which were glutinous rice, barley, brownrice, blackbean, blackrice, blacksesame, sorghum, millet, perilla seed, and adlay were investigated. As the results, the contaminations of general bacterial were 3.1~8.6 log(CFU/g). The results of Escherichia coli were 1.0~3.4 log(CFU/g). There was no contamination of Salmonella. spp in any cereal samples except black sesame and mold was detected in barley. The experiment for microbiological contamination during sunsik processing was also investigated in this study. The results of general bacteria were detected as 5.1~8.5, 4.4~7.5, 1.0~2.3, 2.4~4.2, 1.0~4.0, 3.4~4.2, 4.3~5.2, and 3.3~5.5 log(CFU/g) during environment of warehousing, washing, steaming, 1st cooling, drying, 2nd cooling, grinding, and packaging process, respectively. The results of coliform were 1.0~2.0 log(CFU/g) during warehousing respectively. Mold was found in warehousing. In case of the instruments, the contaminations of general bacterial were 4.2~7.5, 0.1~2.0, 0.1~3.2, 3.7~4.0, 2.5~3.0, and 3.8~5.2 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks, washing machines, grinding machines, packaging machines, and workrooms. The results of coliform were 2.4~4.0, 0.0~4.1 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks and grinding machines, respectively. Mold were only found in cereals tanks, grinding machines, and workings. Therefore, the risk of hazard microorganisms contmination might be decrased as the exhaustive management is applied to the whole sunsik process.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2002

Lyophilizate of immatured wax gourd extract was 3.1 %, matured wax gourd extract was 1.0%, and its main ingredient was sugar, which accounts for 89.7% in total residue. In matured wax gourd, pectin contents was 4.11 mg/ml, and in immatured wax gourd 4.43 mg/m1. In matured wax gourd sarcocarp, sugar contents was 0.1% of sucrose, 0.32% of glucose, 0.35% of fructose, the first unidentified sugar was 0.06% and the second was 0.04%, and all total 0.87%. In sarcocarp of immatured wax gourd, sucrose was 0.33%, glucose was 1.04%, frutcose was 1.12%, and the first unidentified sugar 0.18%, and the second was 0.l2, which total 2.79%. In matured wax gourd core, pH was 4.64, sarcocarp 4.94, immatured wax gourd core 4,96, sarcocarp 5.40. According to the organic acid analysis, in sarcocarp of matured wax gourd, citric acid of 0.409 was contained, magic acid 0.084, succnic acid 0.048%, in matured wax gourd core, citric acid was 0.648, magic acid 0.127, succinc acid 0.058%, in immatured wax gourd, citric acid 0.023, magic acid 0.219, succinic acid 0.298%, in immutured wax gourd, citric acid was 0.039, malic acid 0.350, succinic 0.224%. Fumaric acid was trace in all cases. Total organic acid in matured wax gourd core was 0.833, immatured wax gourd core was 0.624 and immatured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0.546, matured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0,541%. In inhibition rate to propionibacterium acnes, control was 0(ø, cm), wax gourd that was not heated was 2.6, and wax gourd which was heated was 2.5, concentrated by 1/5 was 1.9, wax gourd by 1/10 was 2.5, freezing dry was 2.3. Wax gourd which not heated on producing melanin in B-16 melanoma cell, the melanins forming unit was 15$\mu$1/m1 in addition of 0.01%, while that as a control was 29$\mu$1/m1.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.449-457
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs $(94.03\pm0.71kg)$ were used in a 28-days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(commercial diet ME 3,350 kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.84\%$), 2) T1(ME 3,294kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.99\%$ diet with rye silage $1.66\%$) and 3) T2(ME 3,237kcal/kg and crude fiber $3.15\%$ with rye silage $3.32\%$). In growth performance, total feed intake, basal feed intake and average daily feed intake were significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatments than CON treatment(P<0.05). Cortisol concentration in blood of pigs fed rye silage was significantly decreased compare to pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). In meat quality characteristics, the hunter's $L^*$ value and marbling of pork were the highest in T2 treatment among treatments (P<0.05). Fatty acid composition in lean meat, the composition of palmitic and arachidic acid were significantly Higher in CON than others(P<0.05), also, palmitoleic acid was highest in T2 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In fats those, palmitic and arachidic acid were the highest in CON treatment than those of other treatments(P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen in pigs fed T1 and T2 diets were greater than that of pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). Propionic acid concentration of fecal was the highest in T1 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In conclusion, feed intake, the hunter's $L^*$ value, meat color of sensory evaluation and marbling of pork were affected by $3.32\%$ rye silage feeding.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2007

The effects of olive oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham were investigated. Five different treatments were carried out varying the amount of olive oil added to pressed ham. for the control, 10% back fat among the total ham components was added without any olive oil. For the first treatment, 5% olive oil within the lard component was added into the pressed ham. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th treatments included 10%, 15% and 20% olive oil, respectively. Manufactured pressed hams containing olive oil were vacuum packaged and then stored for 28 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different between the control and olive oil treated hams. The moisture and crude ash contents of olive oil treated hams was significantly lower than that of the control(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in pH between the control and olive oil treated hams. The pH increased during the first 7 days of storage and then decreased somewhat for the remainder of the 28 day storage period for all treatments. The meat color $b^*$ value of olive oil treated hams was higher than that of the control, whereas the meat color $a^*$ value decreased with the inclusion of olive oil. Neither value changed during the period of storage. There was no significant difference in texture between the control and olive oil treated hams throughout the storage period. In summary, pressed ham manufactured with added olive oil showed no change in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Thus, it may be assumed that high quality pressed ham can be manufactured with increased monounsaturated fatty acid content.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemico-physical and sensory traits of Hanwoo beef quality grade $1^{++}$ ($HW1^{++}$), grade $1^+$ ($HW1^+$), grade 1 (HW1), and Australian Wagyu (AUW) beef. The Longissimus Lumborum (LL) of $HW1^{++}$ beef had the lowest (p<0.05) moisture contents (54.07%) while it had the highest (p<0.05) CIE L, a, b value and water holding capacity (WHC). Fat contents of LL were significantly different (p<0.05) among the beef groups: $HW1^{++}$ (25.58%), $HW1^+$ (16.39%), HW1 (11.29%), and AUW (11.87%) beef. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values were the lowest in the beef from AUW (2.81 kg) beef. Cooking loss of AUW beef had the highest value (23.77%) among the beef groups. Quality grade affected sensory traits, with $HW1^{++}$ receiving highest (p<0.05) tenderness, juiciness and flavor. In Hanwoo beef, from grade 1 to $grade1^{++}$, there were significant increases in fat content (from 11.29% to 25.58%), CIE L value (37.56 to 43.15), WHC (55.97% to 60.05%), tenderness (4.63 to 5.28), and decreases in moisture contents (66.84% to 54.07%), protein contents (20.35 to 19.76%), and WBSF value (5.43 kg to 2.93 kg) value. In sensory evaluation, overall acceptability score for Hanwoo $1^{++}$ grade beef was significantly higher than for Australian Wagyu beef. However, there were no significant differences in sensory properties between Hanwoo 1, $1^+$ grade and Australian Wagyu beef.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.619-634
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• 2002

Background : Many inflammatory mediators and collagenases are involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, gelatinase-B) produced mainly by inflammatory cells was reported in many ALI models and connective tissue cells. In this study, the expression of MMP-9 in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) model and the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) on VILI were investigated. Methods : Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: low tidal Volume (LVT, 7mL/Kg tidal volume, 3 $cmH_2O$ PEEP, 40/min), high tidal volume (HVT, 30mL/Kg tidal volume, no PEEP, 40/min) and high tidal volume with MMPI (HVT+MMPI) groups. Mechanical ventilation was performed in room air for 2 hours. The 20 mg/Kg of CMT-3 (chemically modified tetracycline-3, 6-demethyl 6-deoxy 4-dedimethylamino tetracycline) was gavaged as MMPI from three days before mechanical ventilation. The degree of lung injury was measured with wet-to-dry weight ratio and acute lung injury score. Expression of MMP-9 was studied by immunohistochemical stain with a mouse monoclonal anti-rat MMP-9 $IgG_1$. Results : In the LVT, HVT and HVT+MMPI groups, the wet-to-dry weight ratio was $4.70{\pm}0.14$, $6.82{\pm}1.28$ and $4.92{\pm}0.98$, respectively. In the HVT group, the ratio was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). Acute lung injury score measured by five-point scale was $3.25{\pm}1.17$, $12.83{\pm}1.17$ and $4.67{\pm}0.52$, respectively. The HVT group was significantly damaged by VILI and MMPI protects injuries by mechanical ventilation (p<0.05). Expression of MMP-9 measured by four-point scale was $3.33{\pm}2.07$, $12.17{\pm}2.79$ and $3.60{\pm}1.95$, respectively, which were significantly higher in the HVT group (p<0.05). Conclusion : VILI increases significantly the expression of MMP-9 and MMPI prevents lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation through the inhibition of MMP-9.